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Biota List.  Mid-Atlantic Region.
(work-in-progress, rough draft, April 2011)
E. M. Barrows
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I.  Table of Contents
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Introduction
Table 1.  Abbreviations, etc.
Table 2.  Biota.  
Archaea, Domain
Bacteria, Domain
Eukarya, Domain
Animals
Fungi
Plants
Protista
Literature Cited
Table 3.  Map Key
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II.  Introduction
				
A.  This work-in-progress list emphasizes the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region.

B.  There may be at least 5,000,000 million species still on Earth (despite the Biodiverisity Crisis) and about 30,000 species may be in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region. About 20,000 of them are likely to be bacteria.  I know of no overall, published list of biota of the area. 

C.  This list contains nonscientific names in the biodiversity-homage style (covered in my book Barrows 2011, Animal Behavior Desk Reference, Francis and Taylor, Inc.).  Alden et al. (2007) is a highly useful, small field guide to many of the species of the Mid-Atlantic Region.  

D.  If you have time, please report errors to me, barrowse@georgetown.edu.
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Table 1.  Abbreviations and Definitions

☹ = alien species in the WDCA or larger part of North America
* = required name for an exam at GU

AEA = Alden et al. 2007, 2008.

BB 1972 = Brown and Brown 1972 (woody plants of MD)
BB 1984 = Brown and Brown 1984 (herbaceous plants of MD)

BI = Bear Island, MD.  The Botanical Society of Washington has been hiking in this the BI Area for decades, often led by Dr. Dan Nicolson in the spring from 1965–2005.  Habitats of this Area are the two path and sides of the Canal, rare River Terrace Forest, and muddy and sandy stream and river banks.  I integrated Dan’s list into this list.

BWA = Baltimore-Washington Area.
BWF = Black Water Falls, WV.

CBF = Chain Bridge Flats, MD.
COCNHP = Chesapeake and Canal National Historical Park, Maryland and Washington, D.C.
cv. = cultivar.
cvs. = cultivars.
CVRSP = Canaan Valley Resort State Park, WV.

Dates are often written as year-month-day, e.g., 090610 (10 June 2009).  
DMWP = Dyke Marsh Wildlife Preserve, VA.
DS = Dolly Sods, WV.

fb = full bloom.  
FCSP = Florida Caves State Park, Florida.
FEF = Fernow Experimental Forest, WV.
forb = a nonwoody plant that is not in the families Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Poaceae.  
FtD = Fort Davis, WDC.

GAP = Glover Archbold Park, WDC.
GEH = Glen Echo Heights, MD.
GFMD = Great Falls Area, MD.
GFVA = Great Falls Area, VA.
grass = a plant in the Family Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, or Poaceae.
GRSF = Green Ridge State Forest, MD.
GU = Georgetown University, WDC.

L. = Carolus Linnaeus (early taxonomist).
large flower = an individual flower with a diameter of 0.5 inch (13 mm) or larger. 

Magnolia xsoulangiana (Saucer Magnolia).  The x joined to soulangiana indicates that this plant is a hybrid.  
MD = Maryland.

NB = Nursery Bottom, WV.

PCSBF = Patsy Cline Shale Barrens Forest, VA.
PIA = Plummers Island and adjacent Mainland.
pers. comm. = personal communication.
pers. obs. = personal observation.  

Role = You are required to know a specific ecological role for this taxon.  
SBFY = Senator Bird Fountain of Youth, VA.
SC = Stausbaugh and Core, 1979, Flora of West Virginia
SCUS = Smallest Church in the U.S., Silver Lake, WV. 
small flower = an individual flower with a diameter of over 0.5 inch (13 mm).  
sp. = 1 species.
spp. = more than 1 species.

tender = referring to a plant tha tfrost and cold can kill.
Tree = a woody plant that can grow 15 feet tall or taller.  
TRP = Turkey Run Park, VA.

VA = Virginia.

WDC = Washington, D.C.
WDCA = Washington, D.C., Area (This is essentially the Washington-Baltimore Area of Shetler and Orli (2004): Washington, D.C., nearby Maryland (Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, Carroll, Charles, Frederick, Harford, Howard, Montgomery, Prince Georges, and St. Marys Counties) and nearby Virginia (Arlington, Culpeper, Fairfax, Fauquier, King George, Lancaster, Loudoun, Northumberland, Prince William, Richmond, Stafford, and Westmoreland Counties and the City of Alexandria).  
WHG = White House Garden, Washington, D.C.

Xxxx = a place with missing information that I’ll eventually add to make this list more complete.  
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Table 2.  Biota
__________________________

Archaea, Domain, Archaea
(Earth, 100s of spp.) 
__________________________

Bacteria, Domain  
(Earth, millions of spp.; WDCA; possibly over 10,000 spp., TRP, possibly over 5,000 spp.)  
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☐ Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 (Crown-gall Tumor Bacterium) 

☐ Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner 1915 (Bt, BT) (possibly cosmopolitan)

☐ Rickettsia rickettsii Brumpt, 1922 (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Bacterium; Rickettsiaceae)

☐ Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., 1987 (Leaf Scorch Bacterium; a gammaproteobacterium; Xanthomonadaceae) (Hedera helix, a reservoir for this bacterium that is a harmful pathogen of elms, maples, oaks, and other native plants; causes Bacterial Leaf Scorch, Citrus X Disease, Phoney Peach Disease, Pierce’s Disease)

☐ ☹ Yersinia pestis (Lehmann & Neumann, 1896) van Loghem 1944 (Black Plague Bacterium, formerly Pasteurella pestis; Enterobacteriaceae;  formerly Pasteurella pestis)
(Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium; causes Black Plague)
__________________________
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 Eukarya, Domain
(Earth, millions of spp.; WDCA, possibly about 8,000 spp.) 
__________________________

Animalia (Kingdom)
__________________________	

Arthropoda (Phylum) (Arthropods).  
(Earth, millions of spp.; WDCA, possibly over 7,000 spp.; TRP, possibly about 2,000 spp.) 
__________________________

Arachnida (Class) (Arachnids: Spiders and kins)
(Earth, 1000s of spp.; WDCA, possibly about 200 spp.)
__________________________

☐ Argiope aurantia (Black-and-yellow Garden Spider, Golden Garden Spider; Araneidae)*
(predator of other arthropods; makes a large orb web; occurs in forest openings, gardens; AEA, 199) 
(GU, NB, WDCA)

☐ Dermacentor variabilis (American Dog Tick, Wood Tick; Ixodidae)
(parasite, bites Humans; spreads some human diseases, usually not Lyme Disease; AEA, 200) 
(FEF, PCSBF, WDCA)

☐ Leiobunum and other genera (Daddy-long-legs)
(redator, scavenger) 
(TRP, common)

☐ Trombicula (Chiggers; parasites) 
(FZS)
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Crustacea
(Earth, 1000s of spp.; WDCA, possibly about 200 spp.)
__________________________

☐ ☹ Armadillidium vulgare (many other scientific names; Common Pillbug, Common Pill Woodlouse; Pillbug; Armadillidiidae)*
(herbivore, scavenger of decaying plant matter; consumer of algae on tree bark; lichens; rolls into a tight ball; compare AEA, 197).  
(Native to Europe; U.S., common in some areas; WDCA, common)
 
☐ Crayfish 
(predator; scavenger; compare AEA, 192) 
(FEF, Smallest Church, WDCA)

☐ Porcello sp. (sowbug, Porcellidae)
(herbivore, scavenger; compare AEA, 197)
__________________________

Diplopoda (Class) (Millipedes)

☐ Narceus americanus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817) (American Millipede, Spirobolidae)
(ssss; compare AEA, 197) 
(SBFY)
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Insecta (Class) (Insects, sensu lato).  
__________________________

Coleoptera (Beetles)

☐ Adalia bipunctata (Two-spotted Ladybird; black and orange; Coccinellidae)
(arthropod predator)

☐ ☹ Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Emerald Ash Borer; Buprestidae)*
(very destructive tree parasite, kills ash trees. When authorities find it in the US, they remove infected trees and destroy them to stop the spread of this worrisome pests.  One can control this pest in small areas with an insecticide that one injects into tree trunks.)

☐ ☹ Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky, 1853) (Asian Long-horned Beetle, Starry-sky Beetle (in China); Cerambycidae)
(native to Asia; now in the U.S., a very destructive tree parasite)

☐ Cotinis nitida Linnaeus, 1758 (Green Beetle, Green June Beetle, Scarabaeidae)*
(plant parasite that consumes grass roots, a pest in lawns, harmless, beautiful adults.  Larvae are food of a colorful (black, orange, yellow) parasitic wasp Scolia dubia) 
(NB, WDCA)

☐ Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, 1850 (Mexican Bean Beetle; Coccinellidae
(bean parasite)

☐ ☹ Harmonia axyridis Pallas, 1773 (Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle; Coccinellidae)
(arthropod predator) 

☐ ☹ Lytta vesicatoria Linnaeus, 1758 (Spanishfly; Meloidae)
(herbivore) 
(Native to Europe)

☐ Megacyllene robiniae Forster, 1771 (Locust Borer, Cerambycidae)
(herbivore; parasite of Black Locust; pollinator) 
(FZS, NB, SBFY)

☐ Meloe angusticollis Say, 1824 (Short-winged Blister Beetle, Meloidae)
(herbivore) 
(SBFY)		

☐ Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, 1790 (American Burying Beetle; Silphidae)
(scavenger; endangered)

☐ Odontota dorsalis (Thunberg, 1805) (Locust Leafminer; Fabaceae)
(parasite of Robinia pseudoacacia) 
(COCNHP, GAP, GU, H66, WDCA)

☐ ☹ Popillia japonica Newman, 1841 (Japanese Beetle, Scarabaeidae)
(native to Japan; first found in New Jersey, U.S., in 1916; herbivore that favors grass roots as larvae and Rosa and Vitis as adults; highly attractive, irridescent greenish and reddish; AEA, 214) 
(COCNHP, GAP, GU, H66, WDCA)

Dermaptera (Earwigs)

☐ ☹ Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758  (European Earwig, Forficulidae)
(arthropod predatorr, pollenivore; scavenger; AEA, 207) 
(Native to Europe; invasive in the U.S.; WDCA; Bethesda, DMWP, common)

Dictyoptera (Cockroaches and Praying Mantises)

☐ Stagmomantis caroliniana (Carolina Mantis; Mantidae)*
(arthropod predator, consumes whichever arthropods that it can catch, which are mostly beneficial species) 
(U.S., uncommon)

☐ ☹ Tenodera sinensis (Chinese Mantis; Mantidae)
(native to China; arthropod predator) 
(U.S., uncommon, invasive)

Diptera (Flies)

☐ ☹ Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1895) (Asian Tiger Mosquito; Culicidae)*
(animal parasite; transmits human diseases; the main biting mosquito on GU Campuses; biting causes welts in some people; males feed on nectar of asters and other flowers) 
(WDCA, a major pest species)

☐ ☹ Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus (Theobald) (Asian Bush Mosquito, Asian Rock Pool Mosquito, Culicidae)
(animal parasite) 
(WDCA)		

☐ Calliphora, etc. (bluebottle fly, Calliphoridae)
(animal scavenger; AEA, compare, 217)
(WDCA)

☐ Campanotus sp. (carpenter ant, no particular species; Formicidae)
(arthropod predator; scavenger) 
(WDCA)

☐ Chrysotoxum (flower fly, Syrphidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(WDCA)

☐ Culex pipiens Linnaeus, 1758 (House Mosquito, Culicidae)
(animal parasite)

☐ Craneflies (Tipulidae)
(scavenger) 
(TRP, 100417, mating pair) 

☐ Eristalis tenax (Drone Fly, Syrphidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(WDCA)

☐ Delphinia picta (picture-winged fly; Ulildiidae (= Ootidae))
(scavenger of bird droppings, etc. )

☐ Diogmites sp. (robber fly, Asilidae) 
(WDCA)

☐ Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Common Fruit Fly (a poor name), Pomace Fly, Vinegar fly, Drosophilidae)*
(Might be renamed Sophophora melanogster (Nature 2010), really a pomace fly, not a fruit fly; consumes yeasts in decaying plant matter.  This is the famous “fruit fly” of many genetics studies.) 
(WDCA)

☐ Efferia sp. (robber fly, Asilidae)
(arthropod predator; compare AEA, 217) 
(FEF, WDCA)

☐ Laphria thoracica (Bumble Bee Robber Fly, Asilidae)
(arthropod predator) 
(WDCA)

☐ Lucilia (Greenbottle fly, Calliphoridae)
(animal scavenger) 
(WDCA)

☐ Mallota bautias (flower fly, Syrphidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹  Merodon equestris (Fabricius) (Narcissus Fly), Syrphidae)
(native to Europe; larvae consume Narcissus bulbs)
(WDCA)

☐ Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (House Fly; Muscidae)
(scavenger; AEA, 217) 
(Cosmopolitan)

☐ Ocyptamus fasicpennis (flower fly, Syrphidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(WDCA)

☐ Phytomyza aquilegivora (Columbine Leafminer)
(plant parasite; larvae mine in Aquilegia leaves; Agromyzidae) 
(WDCA)

☐ Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt (black fly, buffalo gnat; Simuliidae)
(animal parasite; compare AEA, 216.  Bites Humans.) 
(WDCA)

☐ Spilomyia fusca (flower fly, Syrphidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(WDCA)

☐ Tachina (tachina fly, Tachinidae) 
(WDCA)

☐ Temnostoma balyras (flower fly, Syrphidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(WDCA)

☐ Toxomerus sp. (flower fly, Syrphidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(WDCA)

☐ Wyeomyia smithii Coquillett, 1901 (Pitcherplant Mosquito; Culicidae)
(larvae live only in the fluid in leaves of Saraccenia purpurea as microorganism predators; scavengers) 
(Native to North America)

Heteroptera (True Bugs)

☐ Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Pea Aphid)
(gray body; Aphididae; plant parasite) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹  Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) (Indian Wax Scale, Japanese Wax Scale; Coccidae) 
(adult females look like small, thick white pads and are found primarily on plant stems; a plant parasite that consumes species in many plant genera including Acer, Berberis, Buxus, Cornus, Deutzia, Euonymus, Ficus, Ilex, Lagerstroemia, Laurus, Magnolia, Platanus, Populus, Pyracantha, Rhododendron, Salix, and Viburnum) 
(native to Asia, now in many parts of the world)

☐ ☹ Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Heteroptera)
(plant parasite; important pest species of fruit crops and other plants; consumes plant juices from many genera) 
(native to Asia; WDCA, common in some places, overwinters as adults)

☐ Magicicada septendecim Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus’ 17-year Cicada; Cicadidae)*
(plant parasite; sucks root fluids of many trees species, especially oaks.  Larvae live in the ground for 17 years. Adults live about 2 weeks. Larvae are food of moles.  Adults are food of a fungus species and birds, including American Robins, English Sparrows, and Northern Mockingbirds) 
(Native to Canada and the U.S.; WDCA, this and 2 other similar species; in the ground until 2021) 

☐ Oncopeltis fasciatus (Dallas 1852) (Large Milkweed Bug; Lygaeidae)
(parasite on Asclepias spp.; aposematic coloration)	
	
☐ Tibicen (Dogday Cicadas; Cicadidae)
(plant parasite; AEA, 211).

Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, and Wasps)

Bees

☐ ☹ Anthophora pilipes villosula Sm., Shaggy Fuzzyfoot Bee  n.  A solitary bee subspecies native to Japan and characterized by its long tongue, fast flight, thick brownish body hairs,  and long hairs on hindlegs of males (Batra 1994).  
Comments: This bee is a superior blueberry pollinator in Japan.  Thermogenic adults are active from dawn through dusk, even during cool, rainy weather when other bees do no fly.  A single female can visit about 337,000 flowers during her lifetime from which she obtains enough nectar and pollen for stocking her brood cells and her own energy needs.  She also uses nectar in making the oily secretion that she uses for her brood-cell lining, and her larval food.  Females often nest in dry adobe and they soften abobe with nectar that they regurgitate.  This species nests in portable and stackable dry adobe blocks.  This bee flies in the spring and is now common in the WDCA.  

Batra, S. W. T. 1994.  Anthophora pilipes villosula Sm. (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), a manageable Japanese bee that visits blueberries and apples during cool, rainy, spring weather.  Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 96:98–119.

☐ ☹ Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Western Honey Bee, European Honey Bee, Honey Bee, Honeybee (British); Apidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator; ; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers AEA, 220) 
(TRP, WDCA)

☐ Augochlora pura Say (Gold-green Sweat Bee, Halictidae)
(a small, shiny green bee; nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator.  There are other similar looking green bees in the WDCA) 
(TRP, WDCA)

☐ Bombus spp. (Bumble Bees, Bumblebees (poor name); Apidae)
(hairy; combinations of black, orange, white, and yellow markings, depending on the species;  nectarivores; pollenivores; important pollinators; some species social parasites of other Bombus spp.; most species have societies, each with a queen and female workers; living bumble bees are food of bacteria and fungi.  Dead bumble bees are food of scavening bacteria, fungi, and many animal species.) 
(TRP;  Worldwide)

Bombus bimaculatus Cresson, 1863 (Two-spotted Bumble Bee, Apidae)
(native to Ontario through Maine, south through Florida, and west through Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Misssipppi; WDCA)

☐ Bombus griseocollis (DeGeer, 1773), Brown-belted Bumble Bee
n.  A bumble bee (Apidae) native to extreme Southern Canada and much of the contiguous U.S. and characterized by having black, fuscous (brownish), and yellow hairs.			
syn. Apis griseocollis DeGeer, 1773 and many other scientific names
Comments:  This bee is common in the WDCA where it visits many plant species from which it obtains nectar, pollen, or both, including Asclepias syriaca.  

☐ Bombus impatiens Cresson, 1863 (Impatient Bumble Bee, Apidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers) 
(WDCA)	

☐ Bombus pennsylvanicus (American Bumble Bee, Apidae)*
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator of many plant species; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers AEA, 221. ) 
(WDCA)	

☐ Ceratina spp. (small carpenter bees, Apidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(WDCA)

☐ Colletes thoracicus (Polyester Bee; Colletidae) 
(makes plastic with its Dufour’s Gland; nests in soil in groups;  nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator;  flies in spring, pollinates Tuliptrees and other plants) 
(WDCA)

☐ Lasioglossum spp. (Lasioglossum Sweat Bees, Halictidae)
(small brownish, greenish, or Cobalt-blue bees; nectarivore; pollenivores; important pollinators in many terrestrial habitats forms societies, each with a queen and female workers; ) 
(native to many areas of the world; WDCA, about 30 spp.; TRP, )

☐ Nomada spp. (Nomada bees; Apidae; a social parasite of Andrena bees and other bees)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; pollinator) 
(TRP, take nectar from Geranium maculatum)

☐ Xylocopa virginica virginica Linnaeus, 1771 (Eastern Carpenter Bee, Giant Carpenter Bee; Apidae)
(nectarivore; pollenivore; important; pollinator; nests in wood; large, black and yellow; shiny black metasoma; superficially resembles a bumble bee; complicated male behavior; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers in part of this bee’s range; AEA, 220)  
(Eastern U.S.; TRP)

Other hymenopterans

☐ Aphaenogaster sp. (spine-waisted ant, Formicidae)
(arthropod predator, scavenger; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers) 
(WDCA)

☐ Bembix sp. (beewolf, a wasp; Sphecidae)
(predator of bees) 
(WDCA)

☐ Campanotus sp. (carpenter ant, Formicidae)
(predator, scavenger; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers; compare AEA, 219) 
(WDCA)

☐ Dolichovespula maculifrons (Buysson) (Eastern Yellowjacket; Vespidae)
(predator, scavenger; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ Dolichovespula maculata (Linnaeus, 1763) (Bald-faced-hornet; Vespidae)
(arthropod predator, scavenger; a kind of yellowjacket; not a true hornet; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ Paratrichina (ant, Formicidae)
(predator; scavenger forms societies, each with a queen and female workers; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ Pediobius foveolatus (Bean Beetle Eulophid Wasp, Eulphidae; parasite of the Mexican Beetle) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Polistes (Polistes) dominulus Christ, 1791 (Dominulus Paper Wasp, Polistes gallicus auct., nec L.; Vespidae; native to Europe; arthropod predator, scavenger) 
(WDCA)

☐ Polistes fuscatus (Fuscate Paper Wasp, Vespidae)
(arthropod predator; pollinator; scavenger; compare AEA, 219)

☐ Prenolepis imparis (False Honey Ant, Formicidae)
(ominivore; late-winter and early-spring mating swarms; workers active in cool weather; workers collect honeydew from aphids; arthropod predator; scavenger) 
(TRP, WDCA)

☐ ☹ Vespa crabro germana L. (European Hornet, Vespidae)
(native to Europe; now in the U.S.; the only true hornet in the U.S.; arthropod predator, scavenger; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ Vespula maculifrons (Eastern Yellowjacket; Vespidae)
(arthropod predator; scavenger; forms societies, each with a queen and female workers; AEA, 220) 
(WDCA)	

Isoptera (Termites)
☐ Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar, 1837) (Eastern Subterranean Termite; Rhinotermitidae)*
(the most common U.S. termite; helps with wood decomposition; obtains food from wood via its symbiotic protozoans; a colony may have  up to 5 million female and male workers; a king, a queen, and soldiers; 2 other Reticulitermes spp. in Eastern U.S. Reticulitermes flavipes helps to break down wood and recycle its nutrients in forests and other habitats.) 
(native to Eastern U.S. and Ontario; WDCA)

Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)

Butterflies

Vann, Kimberly.  2008.  Inventory of the Butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae) of Plummers Island, Maryland.  Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 15(1): 80–87.  (36 species in 5 families)

☐ Atalopedes campestris (Boiduval) 1852 (Sachem, Hesperiidae)
(parasite of grasses) 
(WDCA)

☐ Battus philenor (Linnaeus), 1771 (Blue Swalllowtail; Pipevine Swallowtail; Papilionidae)
(black, blue, orange, etc.; parasite Dutch-man’s-pipes; nectarivore; AEA, 222) 
(WDCA)

☐ Calycopis cecrops (Fabricius), 1793 (Red-banded Hairstreak) 
(WDCA, somewhat common)

☐ Celastrina neglecta (Summer Azure, Lycaenidae)
(parasite of Wingstem; nectarivore; compare AEA, 225) 
(TRP, WDCA)

☐  ☹ Colias eurytheme Boiduval 1852 (Alfalfa Butterfly, Orange Sulphur; Pieridae)
(heribivore, parasite of some members of the Fabaceae; nectarivore; black and orange adults; albinistic females; AEA, 223) 
(WDCA)

☐ Colias philodice Godart, 1819 (Clouded Sulphur; Pieridae)
(black and yellow adults; albinistic females; heribivore, nectarivore; parasite of some members of Fabaceae) (WDCA)

☐ Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), 1758 (Monarch; Nymphalidae)*
(nectarivore; parasite of Milkweeds; pollinator. Living Monarchs are food of bacteria and some bird species. Many adult Monarchs in Eastern U.S. and Southeastern Canada migrate to Mexico where they overwinter in spruce forests in mountains.  EA, 221, 229) 
(TRP, WDCA)		

☐ Epargyreus clarus (Cramer, 1775) (Silver-spotted Skipper, Hesperiidae)
(nectarivore; parasite of some members of Fabaceae; pollinator; AEA, 229) 
(TRP, WDCA)

☐ Euphydryas phaeton (Baltimore Checkerspot; Nymphalidae)
(State Insect of Maryland; nectarivore; parasite of English Plantain and Turtlehead; pollinator) 
(WDCA, rare)

☐ Euptoieta claudia (Cramer), 1775 (Variegated Fritillary)
(nectarivore; parasite of some Violet species) 
(WDCA)

☐ Eurytides marcellus (Cramer), 1777 (Zebra Swallowtail; Papilionidae)
(nectarivore; parasite of Pawpaws; AEA, 222).  
(TRP, WDCA)

☐ Everes comyntas (Godart), 1824 (Eastern-tailed Blue)
(nectarivore; parasite of Clovers; AEA, 225)  
(WDCA, common)

☐ Limenitis arthemis astyanax (Fabricius), 1775  (Red-spotted Purple = Limenitis arthemis arthemis (Drury), 1773, the White Admiral; Nymphalidae; parasite of Poplars and Willows; consumer of rotting fruits and sap flows; AEA, 228) 
(WDCA)

☐ Nymphalis antiopa Linnaeus, 1758 (Mourning Cloak Butterfly, Nymphalidae)
(parasite of American Elm and other plants; consumer of  fruit juice and sap flows; overwinters as adults; AEA, 227)  
(native to Europe and North America; WDCA)

☐ Papilio polyxenes asterius (Stoll), 1782 (Black Swallowtail, Papilionidae)
(nectarivore; parasite of Honewort, Parsley, Wild Carrot; AEA, 222) 
(WDCA)

☐ Papilio cresphontes Cramer, 1777 (Giant Swallowtail; Papilionidae)
(parasite of Bladdernut, Citrus, Prickly Ash) 
(Bethesda, MD, rare; WDCA)

☐ Papilio troilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Spicebush Swallowtail; Papilionidae)
 (males greenish; females bluish; larvae consume Lindera benzoin and Sassafras albidum; larvae with large eyespots; nectarivore) 
(WDCA)

☐ Phyciodes tharos (Drury), 1773 (Pearl Crescent, Nymphalidae)
(nectarivore; AEA, 226)
(WDCA, common)

☐ ☹ Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dancing-white, European Cabbage Butterfly, Imported Cabbage Butterfly) (nectarivore; parasite of some members of Brassicaceae and Capperidaceae; pollinator; AEA, 223) 
(WDCA, common, adults fly March–December)

☐ Polites coras (Cramer), 1775 (Peck’s Skipper)
(nectarivore; parasite of some grass spp.) 
(WDCA) 

☐ Polygonia comma (Comma Butterfly; herbivore; Nymphalidae)
 (consumer of sap flows; parasite of some tree spp.; AEA, 226) 
(WDCA, adults can fly every month of the year)

☐ Pterourus glaucus Linnaeus, 1758 (Papilio glaucus, Eastern Tiger Swallowtail; Papilionidae)
(nectarivore; parasite of American Ash and Tuliptree; AEA, 223) 
(TRP, WDCA)

☐ Speyeria cybele (Fabricius), 1775 (Great-spangled Fritillary, Nymphalidae)
(nectarivore; parasite of Violets; AEA, 225). 
(WDCA)

☐ Strymon melinus (Hübner), 1818 (Gray Hairstreak; Lycaenidae)
(nectarivore; parasite of some members of Fabaceae; AEA, 225) 
(WDCA)

☐ Vanessa atalanta (Red Admiral; Nymphalidae)
(nectarivore; parasite of Stinging Nettle, etc.; AEA, 227) 
(TRP, WDCA)

☐ Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) (Painted Lady, Cosmopolite; Nymphalidae)
(nectarivore; parasite of some plant spp.; AEA, 227.  This species migrates to the WDCA from the South.) 
(WDCA)

☐ Vanessa virginiensis (Drury, 1773) (Amercan Lady, American Painted Lady; Nymphalidae) 
(nectarivore; parasite of xxxx; AEA, 227) 
(WDCA)

Moths

☐ Acronicta americana (Harris) (American Dagger Moth, Noctuidae)
(furry white through yellow caterpillar with long black lashes) 

☐ Acronicta oblinita (J. E. Smith) (Smartweed Caterpillar, Smeared Dagger Moth, Noctuidae.  
(Caterpillars are gray through black with shiny, bright yellow patches and short, stiff gray through reddish, brown hairs.)

☐ Biston betularia (Peppered Moth; Geometridae)
(shows industrial melanism) 

☐ Biston betularia carbonaria (melanic form)

☐ Euchaetes egle (Drury, 1773) (Milkweed Tiger Moth, Milkweed Tussock Moth)
(Parasite of Milkweeds.  Larvae are fuzzy black, orange, and white.)  
(WDCA)

☐ Eurukuttarus confederata Grt. (Grass Bagworm, Psychidae)
(Parasite of some grass spp.)

☐ Galleria mellonella Fabricius, 1798 (Greater Wax Moth = Honeycomb Moth)
(social parasite of Apis mellifera, consumes wax; Pyralidae)  
(native to Europe; WDCA)

☐ Lophocampa caryae Harris (Hickory Tussock Moth, Hickory Tiger Moth, "Snow-queen Caterpillar;” Arctiidae)
(nectarivore. Larvae are fuzzy white with black lashes and tufts.)  
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Lymantria dispar Linnaeus, 1758 (Gypsy Moth; Lymantridae)
(killed millions of trees in the U.S.; AEA 234) 
(native to Eurasia; COCNHP, FEF, GAP, GU, TRP; WDCA, population peak in 1980s)

☐ Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius, 1793) (Eastern Tent Caterpillar; Lasiocampidae)*
(parasite of crabapples and Wild Black Cherry;  often on Prunus serotina; confused with Lymantria dispar.  Dead individuals are food of scavengers, including some bacteria, fungal, and animal species.)  
(WDCA)

☐ Prochoerodes transversata (Drury) (Large Maple Spanworm, Geometridae)
(WDCA)

☐ Pyrrharctia isabella (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Banded Woollybear, Black-ended-bear, Woollybear, Woollybear Caterpillar, Isabella Moth, Isabella Tiger Moth; Arctiidae)
(parasite of some plantain spp.; AEA, 233.  Larvae are fuzzy black and brown.  Their color patterns do not predict winter temperatures.)  
(WDCA)		

☐ Spilosoma virginica (Fabricius) (Yellow Bear = Virginian Tiger Moth, Yellow Bear Moth; Arctiidae)
(Larvae are fuzzy yellow through orange through reddish brown through black.  Parasite of Common Dogbane.)  (WDCA)

☐ Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth, 1803) (Evergreen Bagworm Moth, Psychidae)
(parasite of many scrub and tree spp.) 
(WDCA)

Mecoptera (Earwigflies, Hangingflies, Scorpionflies)

☐ Bittacus sp. (hangingfly; predator; Bittacidae) 
(WDCA)

☐ Merope tuber (hangingfly; predator; Meropidae) 
(WDCA)

☐ Panorpa sp. (hangingfly; predator; Panorpidae) 
(TRP, WDCA)

Neuroptera (Neuropterans, Lacewings and kin)

☐ Chrysopa  (Green Lacewings; Chrysopidae)
(arthropod predators; AEA, 212) 
(TRP, WDCA)

Odonata (Damselflies and Dragonflies)
(arthropod predators; AEA; 203) 
(TRP, WDCA)

Orthoptera (Crickets, Grasshoppers, and kin) 
(TRP)

☐ Oecanthus fultoni Kirby, 1906 (Snowy Tree Cricket; Gryllidae)
(omnivore; loud male stridulation; AEA, 210)  
(WDCA)

☐ Pterophylla camellifolia (Fabricius, 1775) (True Katydid, Tettigoniidae)
(parasite of some plant spp.; AEA, 210) 
(WDCA)

Plecoptera (Stoneflies)*
(Larvae are insect predators in streams and rivers.) 
(TRP, WDCA)

Trichoptera (Caddisflies)
(predators) 
(TRP, WDCA)
__________________________
__________________________

Chordata (Phylum) (Chordates)
__________________________

Amphibia (Class) (Amphibians)
(predators) 
(Earth, about 6,500 extant spp.; WDCA, about 20 spp.)
__________________________
☐ Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1936 (American Toad, Bufonidae)*
(a predator of insects and other arthropods; AEA, 261) 
(COCNHP, GU, TRP, WDCA)

☐ Rana (Leopard Frogs, Ranidae; compare AEA, 263) 
(COCNHP, WDCA)

☐ Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802 (American Bull Frog, Bullfrog; Ranidae)
(predator; aggressive, alien invasive species outside its native range in North America and other places; AEA, 262) 
(WDCA)

Caudata (Order) (Salamanders)
(predators)

☐ Ambystoma maculatum (Spotted Salamander, Ambystomatidae) 
(black with yellow spots)  
(FEF)

☐ Desmognathus fuscus (Northern Dusky Salamander, Pletodontidae) 
(AEA, 259) 
(FEF)

☐ Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope (Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander, Pletodontidae) 
(totally dark brown or black, more often with a gray through yellowish through reddish dorsal stripe)  
(FEF) 

☐ Desmognathus monticola Dunn (Seal Salamander, Pletodontidae) 
(gray with darker spots, head resembles a seal’s head)  
(FEF) 

☐ Eurycea bislineata (Northern Two-lined Salamander, Pletodontidae) 
(brownish with a wide yellow-brown dorsal stripe)  
(FEF)

☐ Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus (Northern Spring Salamander, Pletodontidae) 
(brownish, dorsum, salmon through pinkish with dark reticulations)  
(FEF)

☐ Notophthalmus virescens virescens Rafinesque, 1820 (Eastern Newt, Red-spotted Newt, Salamandridae) 
(AEA, 258. The aquatic larvae and adults are greenish with dark spots.  The terrestrial form (red eft) is bright orange-red.) 
(FEF)

☐ Notophthalmus viridescens Rafinesque, 1820 (Eastern Newt, Red-spotted Newt, includes red eft)
(consume small animals; Salamandridae)
(WDCA; FEF; DS)

☐ Plethodon cinereus (Green) (Northern Red-back Salamander, Pletodontidae)*
(predator of arthropods, common in some forests)
(black with a wide orange-red through brown-red dorsal stripe, lungless) 
(FEF) 

☐ Plethodon glutinosus (Northern Slimy Salamander, Pletodontidae) 
(AEA, 260;  black with white spots, lungless)  
(FEF)

☐ Plethodon wehrlei (Wehrle’s Salamander, Pletodontidae) 
(brown with small, light spots; lungless)  
(FEF)

☐ Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Red Salamander)
(AEA, 260; red-orange through orange with black spots) 
(FEF, GAP, WDCA)
__________________________

Aves (Class), Birds)
(omnivores, predators, spermavores)  
(Earth, about 10,000 extant spp.; WDCA, about 300 spp., including nesters and migrants)
__________________________

☐ Agelaius phoeniceus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Red-winged Blackbird; Icteridae) 
(males, black with red and yellow epaulettes; AEA, 339)

☐ Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 (Mallard, Wild Duck; Anatidae)* 

Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard Duck  n.  A bird (Anatidae) found throughout most of the world and characterized by being up to 23 in long and 2.4 lb and having blue-violet specula, boldly colored males, and a brownish females (Alsop 2001, 125; AEA, 283).  
Comments: The Duck forms bonded female-male pairs.  A female’s call is a loud quack-quack-quack, quack, quack-quack, descending in scale (Alsop 2001, 125).  A male’s call is a double note and low, reedy kwek-kwek-kwek.  Anas platyrhynchos consumes aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial plants, and disperses plant seeds via its feces.  It also consumes crustaceans, insects, and molluscs.  This species usually dabbles when it feeds and sometimes dives underwater, and it also walks well and forages on shores and in fields and wood lots.  This Duck is the prey of Bald Eagles, hawks, Humans, and other animals.  Human hunters in the U.S. kill millions of A. platyrhynchos annually.  White barnyard ducks which are descended from A. platyrhynchos.  Wild type A. platyrhynchos hybridize with the barnyard ducks, and hybrids vary in the amounts of their white markings.  In some locations, wild-type A. platyrhynchos becomes tame and takes food from human hands.  
(DMWP; GU; TRP, 090405)

☐ Anas platyrhynchos domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Domesticated Duck, Anatidae)
(Most kinds of domesticated ducks are descendants of Mallards.  Many Domesticated Ducks (A. platyrhynchos) are white with yellow feet and bills.) 

☐ Archilochus colubris Linnaeus, 1758 (Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Trochilidae) 
(COCNHP, FEF, PCSBF, SBFY, WDCA)

☐ Ardea herodias (Great Blue Heron; Ardeidae)

Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron  n.  A large bird (Ardeidae) native to North America and characterized by being up to 52 in long, 5.7 lb, and gray with yellowish bills, and having mostly white heads and necks (Alsop 2001, 84).
syn.  Blue Crane, Crane, Great White Heron (a white form, previously considered to be a different sp.), Ward’s Heron or Wurdemann’s Heron (a white-headed form)
Comments:  Ardea herodias forms pair bonds and has colonial nesting areas (Alsop 2001, 84).
Calls are  low croaks and squawks mostly at nesting sites.  This bird consumes fish and affects equilibria of aquatic communities through its feeding.  These birds feed throughout the day and night, especially around dawn and dusk.  Ardea herodias wade in shallow water and spear animals with their long, sharp bills.  This species primarily eats fish, but its diet also includes aquatic insects (including dragonflies), birds, crabs, crayfish, frogs, grasshoppers, lizards, salamanders, shrimps, and small mammals.  Ardea  herodias visually locates its food and usually swallows it whole.  Ardea herodias occasionally choke on prey that are too large to swallow (Ferguson, 1998).  Eggs are food of Common Ravens, Northwest Crows, and probably many other species.  Young Ardea herodias (and even adults) are prey of American Black Bears, Bald Eagles, Common Crows, Common Raccoons, Common Ravens, Red-tailed Hawks, Turkey Vultures, and likely other animals.  
(BI, DMWP, TRP, 090411)

☐ Branta canadensis (Canada Goose; Anatidae) 

Branta canadensis, Canada Goose  n.  A bird (Anatidae) native to North America and characterized by being up to 3.3 ft long and 8.4 lb and having a grayish body; black bill, head, and neck; and a bold white patch (a chin strap) from ear to ear and under it throat (Alsop 2001, 112; AEA, 282).  
Comments: Populations with small-form adults emit high, rapid crackle, and populations of large-form birds emit a deep, musical  honk-a-honk.  Individuals are often in mated pairs that mate for life.  Branta canadensis are primarily herbivores that consume aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial plants, including algae, Bermuda Grass, Eel-grass, Phaseolus cv. (Bean), Rice, Sago, Salt Grass, Sea-lettuce, Wheat, Wild-barley, and Zea mays (Corn).  Branta canadensis add lots of nitrogen to habitats via their copious feces, and because populations of these birds are high in some areas they can eutrify ponds and other bodies of water.  People are establishing a new freshwater tidal marsh on the Anacostia River.  In one year, Branta canadensis consumed most of new plantings and increased the work and cost of establishing the marsh.  Branta canadensis disperse seeds of some plant species via their feces.  Eggs and goslings are food of many predators including Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crows), Corvus corax (Common Ravens), Canis lupus familiaris (Domestic Dogs), Homo sapiens sapiens (Humans), Mephitis mephitis (Striped Skunks), and Chelydra serpentina (Snapping Turtles).  The Canada Goose is a human game bird.  Canada Geese ferociously defend their nests and nesting sites. At Kenilworth Aquatic Gardens, Washington, D.C., Branta canadensis attacked me when I was near their nests and I took their photographs a few years ago.  I was talking to my mother on the phone at the time, and she didn’t care.  At Huntley Meadows Park, VA, I have seen goslings’ hobbling on single legs.  Snapping Turtles probably consumed their missing legs.  A Park naturalist told me that Snapping Turtles there consume a high percentage of the goslings.  Due to anthropogenic habitat changes, Canada Geese sometimes overpopulate some parks and other places. Virginia fed “surplus” Canada Geese to prisoners for a while.  I think outcries from animal-rights advocates stopped this practice.  
(DMWP; TRP, 090411, calls in the rainy morning).  

☐ Butorides virescens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Green Heron, Ardeidae) 
(COCNHP, SCUS, TRP, WDCA)

☐ Cardinalis cardinalis Linnaeus, 1758 (Northern Cardinal, Redbird; Cardinalidae) 
(AEA, 333)  
(TRP)

☐ Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 (Domestic Pigeon, Pigeon, Rock Dove, Rock Pigeon; Columbidae) 
(AEA, 307)

☐ Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm, 1822 (American Crow, Common Crow;  Corvidae) 
(very intelligent; AEA, 318)

☐ Corvus ossifragus Wilson, 1812 (Fish Crow; Corvidae) (
omnivore, smaller than American Crow; AEA, 317)  
(TRP 2010)

☐ Dendroica petechia (Linnaeus, 1766) (Yellow Warbler; Parulidae)

☐ Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Bald Eagle, Falconidae)*
(predator of fish, Alsop 2001.   U.S. National Bird.  AEA, 29) 

☐ Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 (Barn Swallow; Hurundinidae) 
(AEA, 316) 
(TRP 2010)

☐ Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus, 1758) (Wild Turkey; PHasianidae)
(omnivorous)
(WDCA; TRP, extinct)

☐ Mimus polyglottos Linnaeus, 1758 (Northern Mockingbird; Mimidae) 
(consumes fruit, seeds, small animals)

☐ Pandion haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758 (Osprey; Accipitridae) 
(AEA, 290) 
(TRP 2010)

☐ Passer domesticus (English Sparrow, House Sparrow; alien species; Passeridae) 
(AEA, 339)

☐ Phalacrocorax auritus (Double-crested Cormorant; fish predator; Phalagrocoracidae) 

Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant  n.  A bird (Phalagrocoracidae) native to North America and characterized by being up to 32 in, 4 lb, and all black and having black head tufts in Eastern U.S. and white tufts in Western U.S. (Alsop 2001, 77)
Comments: Male calls are deep gutteral grunts (Alsop 2001, 77, AEA, 277).  This species primarily consumes fish and also eats amphibians, crustaceans, and insects.  This bird usually dives underwater in catching prey.  Phalacrocorax auritus often feeds as flocks when it is feeding on fish schools.  This bird’s eggs and chicks are food of Canis latrans (Coyotes), Corvus spp. (crows), foxes, jays, Larus spp. (gulls), Procyon lotor (Common Racoons),  Quiscalus spp. (grackles), and probably other animals.  Adult birds are food of Bubo virginianus (Great Horned Owls), Caiman crocodylus (Caimans), Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Bald Eagles), Pelecanus occidentalis (Brown Pelicans), and probably other animals.  Phalacrocorax auritus may nest with up to thirteen other species of colony-nesting birds. Within these mixed colonies, P. auritus may affect nest-site availability of other species and provide food for the other species as chicks, eggs, pellets, regurgitated fish, and stolen food.  Phalacrocorax auritus also hunt in mixed flocks, possibly benefitting other bird species through an interspecies prey-finding effort.   Fishermen and pesticides have killed many P. auritus.   
(TRP)

☐ Piranga olivacea (Gmelin, 1789) (Scarlet Tanager; Cardinalidae)
(consumes mostly fruit and insects)

☐ Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 (Wild Turkey, Phasianidae)

☐ Melospiza melodia Wilson, 1810 (Song Sparrow; Emberizidae)
(consumes arthropods and seeds; )

☐ ☹ Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 (Common Starling, European Starling, Starling; Sturnidae) 
(can mimic human words; AEA, 324) (Native to Eurasia; now in many parts of the world)

☐ Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham, 1790) (Carolina Wren; Troglodyidae) 

Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren  n.  A bird (Troglodytidae) native to Mexico and the U.S. and characterized by being up to 7.75 in long and 0.7 oz and having a brownish body with a bold white strip above each eye (Alsop 2001, 527; AEA, 320). 
Comments: This bird usually occurs in mated pairs, each with a territory that it occupies all year (Alsop 2001, 527).  A male has a  loud, bold, clear teakettle, teakettle, teakettle, or cherry, cherry, cherry, cherry.  Each male has a repertoire of 25–40+ songs that neighboring males match with responding vocalizations.  A female often responds to a male’s call with a quick “growl” of t-shihrr.  A male may sing any time of the day during any day of the year.  Thryothorus ludovicianus is primarily a ground-feeding arthropodovore, consuming adult moths, ants, Bean Leaf Beetles, Chinch Bugs, cockroaches, Cottonboll Weevils, crickets, flea beetles, frogs (rarely), grasshoppers, ground beetles, leaf-footed bugs, leafhoppers, lepidopteran larvae, lizards (rarely), millipedes, snails, snakes (rarely), Sowbugs, Spotted Cucumber Beetles, soldier bugs, stinkbugs, wasps, and weevils.  Although T. ludovicianus primarily feeds on the ground, individuals sometimes forage on tree trunks.  Plant matter found in guts of this bird includes seeds of Bayberry, Poison-ivy, sumac, and Sweetgum.  Eggs and nestlings are food of the Black Rat Snakes, Blue Jays, Common Raccoons, Eastern Chipmunks, Eastern Gray Squirrels, and Mink.  Adults are possible food of Cooper’s Hawks and Sharp-shined Hawks, but I know of no documentation of predation of T. ludovicianus.  When approached by a potential predator, a Carolina Wren may utter an alarm call, chase after the predator (sometimes pecking at it), or both (Haggerty and Morton, 1995).  Immature and adult T. ludovicianus are food of blow-fly larvae, lice, mites, and ticks.  Thryothorus ludovicianus affects population sizes of insects and spiders (and probably many other kinds of animals).  This Wren competes with other cavity-nesting species for nest sites (a limiting resource) (Haggerty and Morton, 1995).  State Bird of South Carolina.   
(Bethesda; GAP; TRP, 090411, calls in the rainy morning) 
__________________________

☐ Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, 1766 (American Robin; Turdidae)
Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, 1766; American Robin  n.  A bird (Turdidae) native to Central, North, and South America and that is characterized by being up to 10 in long and 2.7 oz and having a grayish head, back, wings, and tail and a reddish orange lower throat and breast and a white lower belly and undertail coverts (Alsop 2001, 556; AEA, 323).  
Comments: This species forms breeding pairs and occurs in migrating and local groups (Alsop 2001, 556).  A male’s call is a bold, gurgling, leisurely sing-song, cheerily cheer-up, cheerio, often with repeated phrases; tut-tut-tut or hip-hip-hip.  This species’ warning call is chirp, chirp, chirp; chuck, chuck, chuck.  A fledgling American Robin in my garden gave out a screech when I approached to closely, and the bird glided to another location. Adult Robins quickly responded with loud chirps and chucks.  When a Domestic Cat (which was not supposed to wandering about my neighborhood) was in my yard, Eastern Gray Squirrels emitted loud chucking sounds and Robins emitted loud tsut-tsut-tsuts.  Adults consume earthworms, insects (beetle larvae, grasshoppers, and lepidopteran larvae), fruits (including berries of the American Holly and Pokeweed).  Turdus migratorius are flexible feeders and consume readily accessible foods, although their diet generally consists of approximately 40% invertebrates and 60% fruits  (Sallabanks and James, 1999).   Turdus migratorius is food of these known predators: Corvus brachyrhynchos (American Crows), Corvus corax (Common Ravens), Cyanocitta cristata (Blue Jays), Felis silvestris (Domestic Cats), hawks, Quiscalus quiscula (Common Grackles), snakes, and squirrels.  Turdus migratorius  sometimes mobs small predators such as Blue Jays and some snake spp.  Turdus migratorius is a common species in some areas where it can have large impacts on ecosystems as predators, food of other organisms, and seed dispersers (Sallabanks and James, 1999).  In most years, a flock of migrating American Robins removes hundreds of berries from my American Holly tree within 1–2 days in late winter or early spring.  State Bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.  
(DMWP; GAP; TRP, 090411, 2010, forages on paths and roads)

☐ Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mourning Dove; Columbidae)

Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus, 1758), Mourning Dove  n.  A bird (Columbidae) native to North America and characterized by being up to 12 in long and 4.3 oz and brownish gray with pinkish fawn on its head, neck, and underparts and having a long pointed tail and black spots on its upper inner wings and black primary feathers (Alsop 2001, 350; AEA, 307).  
Comments:  Zenaida macroura has pairs that may mate for life (Alsop 2001, 350).  In 2008–2009 a pair came to my bird bath.  In 2010 and 2011 only a single bird came to my bird bath.  Is the single bird part of the original pair?  Male calls are “melancholy” ooah-woo-woo-woo throughout a breeding season.  Zenaida macroura is primarily an herbivore that eats insects (ants, beetles, grasshoppers), fruit, many kinds of seeds (including those of agriculture — Barley, Corn, Millet, and Oats), molluscs (snails), and waste grain.  Zenaida macroura usually eats seeds that lie on the ground.  Eggs and nestlings are food of the Black Rat Snakes, Common Raccoons, Domestic Cats, Domestic Dogs, and probably other animals.  Adults and juveniles are food of falcons, hawks, Humans, and probably other animals.  Humans consume this bird as a game bird.  The is a game bird, and Humans harvest more than 30 million per year despite their small size.  This species is increasing in number because it thrives in Human-disturbed habitats.  Some people (Homo aviphilis) want to stop Mourning Dove hunting because there is so little meat on a bird and this common bird is such an important part of natural ecosystems.  Nesting adults display broken-wing displays as predator deflection behavior.  
(DMWP, TRP, 090405, 1 pair)

☐  Butorides virescens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Green Heron, Ardeidae) 
(WDCA, SCUS)

__________________________

Mammalia (Class), Mammals)
(omnivores, predators, spermavores)  
(World, about 5,500 spp.; WDCA, about 30 spp., including domestic species)
__________________________

☐ Ailuropoda melanoleuca David, 1869 (Giant Panda; Ursidae) 
(Herbivore) 
(WDCA, TRP)

☐ Bison bison Hamilton Smith, 1827 (American Bison; Bovidae) 
(Herbivore) 
(WDCA, extinct)

☐ Bos primigenius Linnaeus, 1758 (Domestic Cattle; Bovidae)

☐ Canis familiaris (Domestic Dog; descendent of Gay Wolf; Canidae) 
(TRP)		

☐ Canis latrans Say, 1823 (Coyote; native to North America; Canidae) 
(AEA, 357) 
(WDCA)

☐ Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 (Gray Wolf, Timber Wolf; Canidae) 
(WDCA, extinct)

☐ Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820 (American Beaver; Castoridae) 

Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820; American Beaver  n.  A large rodent (Castoridae) native to North America (AEA, 353).   
Comments:  In the WDCA, Castor canadensis are ecosystem engineers that cut down small trees and root sprouts and girdle large trees, killing many of them.  Many Castor canadensis cut trees and shrubs that resprout from their roots and stumps.  Castor canadensis often consume aquatic vegetation and bark and cambium of trees, especially alders, aspens, beeches, birches, poplars, and willows.  Castor canadensis felled some prized Japanese cherry trees at the Tidal Basin.  Microorganisms in a C. canadensis ’s cecum (a sac between its large and small intestine) digest cellulose.  In zoos, C. canadensis  consume Carrots, Lettuce, yams, and rodent chow (Frazier 1996).  Castor canadensis are food of these known predators Canis lupus (Timber Wolves), Gulo gulo (Wolverines), Homo sapiens sapiens, Lontra canadensis (Northern River Otters), Lynx canadensis (Lynx), Martes pennanti (Fishers), Ursus americana (American Black Bears), and Ursus arctos (Brown Bears).  Nonhuman predators consume many C. canadensis kits (young).  Humans harm C. canadensis by hunting them for meat and pelts and altering their habitats with pollution and physical means.  Castor canadensis are ecosystem engineers that create wetlands, which harbor thousands of other species, by damming up streams.  Such wetlands can prevent soil erosion, prevent flooding downstream, and make areas that breakdown anthropogenic toxins.  When C. canadensis leave wetlands that they created, their dams decay, and wetlands can become marshes and meadows, eventually becoming forests (Frazier 1996).  Some researchers categorize C. canadensis as a keystone species.  
(DMWP, 090407, tree cutting; PIA, 0903; TRP, 090411, tree girdling).  

☐ Cervus canadensis (Erxleben, 1777) (Elk, Wapiti; Cervidae) 
(WDCA, extinct)

☐ Daubentonia madagascariensis (Gmelin, 1788) (Aye-Aye)

☐ Didelphis virginianum (Virginia Opossum; Didelphidae)
 (omnivore; AEA, 346) 
(TRP)

☐ ☹ Felis catus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Domestic Cat, Felis domesticus, Puddy Cat (according to Elmer Fud); Felidae) 
(predator of native birds and mammals; a major conservation problem in many parts of the world)

☐ Felis concolor Linnaeus, 1771 (Catamount, Cougar, Mountain Lion, Panther; Felidae)
(endangered in Florida; WDCA, extinct)

☐ Glaucomys sabrinus (Northern Flying Squirrel;  Sciuridae) 
(nocturnal)

☐ ☹ Gorilla beringei graueri Matchie, 1914 (Eastern Lowland Gorilla; Hominidae)
(Herbivore) 
(native to Africa)

☐ ☹  Homo sapiens sapiens L., 1758  (Humans, Human Being, Man, Modern Human, Modern Person;  Hominidae) 
(omnivore) (TRP)

☐ Marmota monax (Groundhog, Marmot, Whistle-pig, Woodchuck; Sciuridae) 
(omnivore; AEA, 351)

☐ Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann, 1780 (White-tailed Deer, Virginia Deer; Cervidae) 
(herbivore; forest pest when too common; AEA, 365) 
(throughout MD, VA, WDC, WV)

☐ Peromyscus leucopus (White-footed Mouse; Wood Mouse; Cricetidae) 
(AEA, 354; omnivore; nocturnal; reservoir of Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease Spirochete)

☐ Procyon lotor Linnaeus, 1758 (“pre-dog washer,” Common Raccoon, Procyonidae) 
(“pre-dog washer,” Common Raccoon, Coon, North American Raccoon, Northern Raccoon, Raccoon, Racoon; Procyonidae) 
(omnivore; carries and transmits the Rabies Virus; AEA, 357) 
(Native to Central and North America; introduced in Europe and Asia)

☐ ☹ Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) (Brown Rat, Common Rat, Norway Rat, Sewer Rat, Water Rat; Musidae) 
(AEA, 355)

☐ ☹ Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758 (Black Rat, Roof Rat, Ship Rat; Musidae)

☐ Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788 (Eastern Gray Squirrel; Sciuridae) 

☐ Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788 (Eastern Gray Squirrel, Grey Squirrel; Sciuridae) 
n. A diurnal, omnivorous tree squirrel (Sciuridae) native to Eastern and Midwestern U.S. and Southeastern Canada and characterized by its usually grayish dorsal fur, white ventral fur, and large bushy tail (Alden et al., 2007, 352).  
Comments:  Sciurus carolinensis is an important organism in forest regeneration because this species collects and buries seeds of Carya spp., Juglans nigra, Quercus spp., etc., some of which sprout and become mature trees.       Humans introduced S. carolinensis into Alberta, Calgary, and the extreme Southwestern British Columbia, Canada; California, Oregon, San Francisco and the peninsula area of San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties, U.S.; Australia (now extirpated); England; Ireland; Italy; and South Africa.  Sciurus carolinensis is often a pest species in its introduced areas.  
     The melanic form of S. carolinensis its almost entirely black, and it occurs in Canada and the Washington, D.C., Area.  Individuals of this form that Humans introduced into Washington, D.C., evidently originally came from Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada.  The Smithsonian Institution  National Zoological Park obtained eight of these animals from Canada in 1902, and released them in its northern part.  In 1906, the Zoo released more melanic squirrels.  The current black S. carolinensis in the area might all be descendants of these released individuals.  Dr. William L. Ralph purchased many gray forms, liberated them on the Smithsonian grounds, and fed and cared for them until his death in 1907.  Albinos of S. carolinensis are rare, and one occurred in Lafayette Park in Washington, D.C., in the 1980s.  There are also forms of S. carolinensis with gray bodies and black tails and black bodies and white tails.  
[Greek skia, shadow, oura, tail, alluding to this species’ sitting in the shade of its tail]
(Bethesda; GU; TRP; WDCA, throughout)

Kelly, John. 2011.  Where did D.C.’s black squirrels come from?  Washington Post 3 April: C3.  

☐ Sciurus niger xxxx (Fox Squirrel; Sciuridae) (Native to North America)

☐ Tamias striatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Eastern Chipmunk; Sciuridae) 
(diurnal; consumes fruit, insect, nuts, seeds; extensive burrows; AEA, 351)

☐ Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775) (Common Gray Fox; Canidae) 
(AEA, 358)	
☐ Ursus americanus (Pallas, 1780) (American Black Bear, includes Smokey Bear; Ursidae)
(omnivore; AEA, 359) (DS, FEF; TRP, extinct)

☐ Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 (Red Fox; Canidae) 
(usually nocturnal; AEA, 358) 
(native to Africa, Eurasia, North America)
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Osteichthyes (Class) (Boney Fish)
(Earth, about 29,000 of extant spp.; WDCA, about 62 spp.)
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☐ Alosa sapidissima (American Shad, Atlantic Shad; Clupeidae)

☐ ☹ Carassius auratus auratus Linnaeus, 1758 (Goldfish; Cyprinidae) 
(occasional in Potomac River, pet fish)

☐ Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann, 1804) (Blacknose Dace, Cyprinidae) 
(FEF)
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Reptilia (Class), Reptiles)
(Earth, about 8,225 extant spp.; WDCA, about 20 extant spp., not including alien pet spp.)
__________________________

☐ Agkistrodon contortrix Linnaeus 1766 (Copperhead, Viperidae) 
(Predator; AEA, 271) 
(COCNHP)
			
☐ Crotalus horridus (Timber Rattlesnake, Serpentidae) 
(predator; AEA, 271) 
(DS, PCSBF)

☐ Elaphe obsoleta (Say, 1823) (Black Rat Snake, Rat Snake; Colubridae) 
(Predator of bird eggs and older birds; AEA, 268) 
(GU, WDCA)

☐ Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern Fence Lizard, Iguanidae) 
(Predator) 
(COCNHP, PCSBF, WDCA)

☐ Terrapene carolina carolina Linnaeus, 1758 (Eastern Box Turtle; Emydidae)
 (omnivore; AEA, 266) 
(COCNHP, GAP (very rare), GU (very rare); TRP; WDCA)
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Mollusca (Mollusks: clams, scallops, slugs, snails, etc.)
(Earth, about 85,000 extant spp.; WDCA, perhaps about 200 spp.)

☐ ☹ Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Asian Clam, Corbiculidae)

Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774), Asian Clam    n.   A freshwater clam (Corbiculidae) native to Asia and characterized by having greenish brown values with low ribs and a length of up to 5 cm.
syn. Asiatic Clam, Golden Clam and Golden Freshwater Clam (in the aquarium and Koi-pond trade), Good Luck Clam and Prosperity Clam (in Southeast Asia)
Comments: Valves of dead Corbicula fluminea become mostly, or entirely, whitish.  This mollusc primarily consumes phytoplankton that it filters from muddy and sandy bottoms of canals, lakes, and streams. 
Individuals of this species can self-fertilize their ova, and a single individual of this species can produce more than 100,000 juveniles.  Humans have introduced this species into many parts of the world, including the U.S., in 1938. Researchers found this Clam in the Potomac River in 1977 (Dressler and Cory, 1980, 150).  Corbicula fluminea costs $billions to manage because it clogs water intake pipes.  This Clam causes declines and local extinction of native clams.  Corbicula fluminea markedly clarified water in parts of the Potomac River. 
(WDCA, in the Potomac River; valves are common in many areas; TRP, the common clam shells may be those of Corbicula fluminea.  My web search did not confirm that Corbicula fluminea is in Turkey Run Park.)

Dressler, P. V., and R. L. Cory. 1980. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller), in the tidal Potomac River, Maryland. Estuaries and Coasts 3:150–152.    
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Nematoda (Round Worms)
(parasites, scavengers)
(Earth, about 28,000 extant spp., difficult to identity)

☐ Caenorhabditis elegans Maupus 1900 (lab round worm; Rhabditidae) 
(WDCA, possibly; TRP, possibly)
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Fungi, Kingdom.  I list only some of hundreds of fungus species likely to be in TRP. 
__________________________

☐ Auricularia auricula-judae (Wood-ear-jelly, Auriculariaceae)
☐ Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, Soper, and Hajek, 1988 (“My Oh My Ga Fungus,” Zygomeycetes: Entomophthorales) 
☐ Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. (Artist’s Mushroom, Ganodermataceae) 
☐ Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae (Schwein, 1822) (Cedar-apple Rust; Pucciniaceae; fugus parasite of Eastern Redcedar and Apples)
☐ Lycoperdon perlatum (Common Puffball, Lycoperidae)
☐ Lycoperdon pyriforme (Pear-shaped Puffball, Stump Puffball, Lycoperidae)
☐ Monolinia fungus (makes pseudoflowers with nectar on Vaccinium spp.aaaa
(spread by pollinators)
☐ Mutinus canius (Dog Stinkhorn, Phallaceae)
☐ Mycorrhizal fungal genera include Albatrellus, Amanita, Boletus, Boletopsis, Canthrellus, Catathelasma, Clitopilus, Chroogomphus, Clavariadelphus, Cortinarius, Cystoderma, Elaphomyces, Entoloma, Gautieria, Gomphidius, Gyroporus, Hebeloma, Hydnum, Hygrophorus, Hydnangium, Inocybe, Lactarius, Leucocortinarius, Limacella, Leccinum, Melanogaster, Myxocybe, Paxillus, Phylloporus, Pisolithus, Porphyrellus, Ramaria, Rhizopogon, Rizites, Russula, Sarcosphaera, Sepultria, Suillus, Terfezia, Tricholoma, Tuber, and Tylopilus (Pacioni 1981). 
☐ ☹ Phytophthora infestans (Montagne) de Bary, 1876 (Late Blight Fungus)
☐ Pleurotus ostreatus (Common Oyster Mushroom, Polyporaceae)
☐ Stereum purpureum (Hairy Stereum, Stereaceaeaaaa
(resembles Turkey-tail Fungus, but has downy upper surfaces)
☐ Trametes hirsuta (Hairy Polypore, Coriolaceaeaaaa
(similar to T. versicolor, but with white sporocarps). 
☐ Trametes versicolor (Turkey-tail Fungus, Many-zoned Polypore, Coriolaceaeaaaa
(zoned sporocarps).  
☐ Trichophyton rubrum (a fungus that infects human nails, Arthrodermataceae)
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Lichens
__________________________			
☐ Cladonia pyxidata (Pixie-cups, Cladoniaceae)
☐ Cladonia cristatella (British-soliders, Cladoniaceae) 
(AEA, 85)
☐ Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. (1780) (Reindeer-moss, Reindeer Lichen, Cladoniaceae)
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Plantae, Kingdom (Plants).  Earth has about 400,000 extant species of Vascular Plants. The Washington-Baltimore Area has about 2,794 extant species of Vascular Plants, including 993 introduced species.  Turkey Run Park may have about plant 200 species.  Shetler and Orli (2000, 2002) published a comprehensive annotated list of Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area.  Worldwide many species of Vascular Plants are threatened with extinction due to human activities.

This plant list emphasizes the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region and is a work-in-progress that is far from complete.  I entered all of the plants on Dr. Dan H. Nicolson’s list for Bear Island, MD, into this list.  
(April 2011) 
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Anthophyta (Flowering Plants)
__________________________
					
Aceraceae (Maples) (Small flowers occur in February – April in the WDCA, depending on the species.  Most species have simple, palmately-veined, opposite leaves.)

☐ Acer (dioecious or monoecious shrubs and trees; opposite, usually, simple, lobed leaves; fruits are samaras)

☐ Acer negundo Linnaeus (Ash-leaf Maple, Boxelder; Aceraceae)
Acer negundo Linnaeus (Ash-leaf Maple)  n.  A deciduous, dicot tree native to North America and characterized by having opposite, pinnate leaves and small, pendant, green flowers; and samaras (AEA, 110).  
syn.  Boxelder, Érable à Giguère (Quebec)
Comments:  This tree often grows in river flood plains where it stabilizes river banks.  Flowers occur in March and April.  Leaves, seeds, and stems are food of the handsome Box-elder Bug (Order Hemiptera). 
(WDCA; Bear Island, 110402, fl; GFVA; SFS 2008; TRP, 100s of plants; )	

☐ Acer pensylvanicum L. (Bois Barré (Quebec), Moosewood, Striped Maple, Whistlewood; Aceraceae
(tree; opposite, simple, lobed leaves.  Note well: there are only two ns in pensylvanicum ) 
(DS, FEF, FZS, GU)
 
☐ Acer rubrum Linnaeus (Plaine Rouge (Quebec),  Red Maple, Scarlet Maple, Soft Maple, Swamp Maple; Aceraceae)
(tree; opposite, simple, lobed leaves; small reddish flowers; AEA, 111) 
(BBM; Bear Island, 110402, fl;  DS, FEF, GAP, GU, PCSBF, WDCA; WHG, planted by Jimmy Carter in 1977)
	
☐ ☹ Acer palmatum Thunberg (Irohamomiji (Japanese), Japanese Maple, Smooth Japanese Maple)
(native to China, Eastern Mongolia, Japan, North Korea, Southeast Russia, South Korea; GU; WDCA; WHG, several, at least 1 planted by Francis Folsom cleaveland in 1893; )

☐ ☹ Acer platanoides L. (Norway Maple, Aceraceae)
(tree; opposite, simple, lobed leaves; milky sap; AEA, 110) 
(Native to Europe; WDCA)

☐ Acer saccharinum Linnaeus, Plaine Blanche (Quebec), Silver Maple, River Maple, White Maple; Aceraceae)
(tree; dioecious and monoecious branches; opposite, simple, lobed leaves; small greenish flowers) 
(WDCA; Bear Island, February, flowers; TRP)

☐ Acer saccharinum ‘Laciniatum’ (Cutleaf Silver Maple, Aceracae)
(WHG, planted by Laura and George Bush in 2001) 

☐ Acer saccharum Marshall sensu lato, including Acer nigrum, Sugar Maple; Aceraceae)

Acer saccharum Marshall sensu lato, including Acer nigrum, Sugar Maple  n.  A monoecous, deciduous, dicot tree native to North America and characterized by having simple, sharp-pointed lobed leaves and small pendent green flowers.
syn. Érable à Sucre (Quebec), Rock Maple, 
(Native to Canada and the U.S.; BI; GAP; GFVA; SFS 2008;  TRP, 10s, 3 planted trees in the C1 parking lot).

Agavaceae (Agaves, Yuccas, and kin)

☐ ☹ Yucca filamentosa L. (Adam’s-needle; Agavaceae)
(subshrub; elongate, evergreen eaves; large white flowers)
(WDCA) 

Alliaceae (Garlic, Leeks, and Onions; bulbous biennials and perennials)

☐ Allium canadense L. (Meadow-garlic, Wild-onion, Wild-garlic; Alliaceae)
(small white flowers; bulblets on scapes) 
(TRP)

☐ ☹ Allium cepa L. (Garden Onion)

☐ ☹ Allium porrum L. (Leek)

☐ ☹ Allium sativum L. (Garlic)

☐ ☹ Allium schoenoprasum L. (Chives)

☐ Allium tricoccum Aiton (Wildleek, Ramp; Alliaceae)
(small white flowers in July; leaves in March through June)
(WDCA, in forests; BI; GFVA, SFS 2008; TRP, 20090411, leaves)

☐ ☹ Allium vineale L. (Cow-garlic, Meadow-garlic; Field-garlic, Wild-garlic; Alliaceae) 
(small white flowers; many scapes with bulblets. This species often has short green leaves in the cold season in forests in the WDCA.)  
(WDCA, a major invasive sp.; native to Europe and North Africa; BI; GAP; GFVA, SFS 2008; TRP, 20090411, leaves.)

Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis Family)

☐ ☹ Narcissus xincomparalis Mill. (as species) (Daffodil)
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Narcissus xmedioluteus Mill. (as species) (N poeticus, L x tazetta) (many other scientific names; Poetaz Narcissus, Primrose Peerlesss Narcissus)
(WDCA, escape)

☐ ☹ Narcissus poeticus L. (Pheasant’s-eye, Poet’s Narcissus)
(WDCA, escape)

☐ ☹ Pseudonarcissus L. (Common Daffodil)
(WDCA, escape)

☐ ☹ Narcissus cvs. and spp. (Daffodils, Jonquils) (bulbous perennial forb; fragrant, pink, orange, yellow, white flowers; a very popular garden plant; bulbs, food of the alien Narcissus Bulb Fly; nectar, food of some bumble-bee species) 
(native to Eurasia; GU, many kinds; WDCA, many beds, some date to the time of Lady Byrd Johnson’s beautification of WDC and before this time; )

☐ ☹ Narcissus ‘Mount Hood’ (Mount Hood Daffodil)
(flowers are large white trumpet daffodils)
(WDCA; WHG, 110409, fb; )

Anacardiaceae (Cashews and kin.  Nectars of species in the WDCA are important foods of pollinators and some other arthropod species.)

☐ Rhus aromatica Aiton (Fragrant Sumac; Squaw-bush; Anacardiaceae) 
(shrub; small greenish flowers)

☐ Rhus glabra L. (Smooth Sumac; Anacardiaceae)
(small, clonal tree; small greenish flowers) 
(Bear Island)

☐ Rhus typhina L. (Rhus hirta, Staghorn Sumac; Anacaridiaceae)
(small, clonal tree; small greenish flowers AEA, 122) 
(Bear Island, May, flowers; NB, WDCA) 

☐ Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (Bois de Chien, Herbe à la Puce, Cow-itch, Markry, Mercury, Poison-ivy, Poison Ivy (poor name), Rhus radicans; Anacardiaceae)
(perennial, woody vine valuable for wildlife; produces urushiol irritating to skin of many Humans; small greenish flowers.  Increased carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere is causing more vigorous growth of this species.  AEA, 151) 
(Bear Island, May, flowers; COCNHP, FEF, GAP, NB, SBFY, TRP, WDCA) 

Annonaceae (Custard-apples, Pawpaws, and kin) (WDCA, 1 sp.)

☐ Asimina triloba Dunal (Pawpaw; Poor-man’s-banana, Poor-professor’s-banana, etc.; Annonaceae)
(tree; large, simple alternate leaves; large maroon flowers; large edible fruit in late summer; makes Pawpaw patches; AEA, 119) 
(Bear Island, 110402, small fl buds; WDCA, March–April, flowers)

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae; Parsley Family; Cresses, Parsley, and kin) 
(Small flowers occur in umbels.  Nectars are important foods of many arthropod species.)
☐ ☹ Anethum graveolens L. (Dill; Apiaceae) 
(WDCA, gardens)

☐ ☹ Conium maculatum L. (Poison Hemlock; Apiaceae)
(biennial forb; large, compound leaves; small white flowers) 
(COCNHP; WDCA, naturalized)

☐ Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz (Spreading Chervil; Apiaceae) 
(perennial forb; compound leaves) 
(Bear Island, April, flowers; )

☐ Cryptotaenia canadensis Augustin Pyramus De Candolle (Honewort, Wild Chervil; Apiaceae) 
(perennial forb; compound leaves; small white flowers.)
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Daucus carota L. (Queen-Ann’s-lace, Wild Carrot, Apiaceae) 
(biennial forb; compound leaves; small white flowers; AEA, 150) 
(DS, FEF, H66, NB, WDCA)

☐ Erigenia bulbosa (Michaux) Nuttall. (Harbinger-of-spring; Apiaceae) 

(bulbous, perennial forb; compound leaves; small white flowers in February – early April) 
(Bear Island, 110402, fl;  WDCA)

☐ ☹ Foeniculum vulgare Mill (Fennel) 
(WDCA, gardens; WHG; )

☐ Osmorrhiza claytonii (Michaux) C. B. Clarke (Bland Sweet-cicely; Hairy Sweet-cicely, Sweet-cicely, Sweet Cicely, Sweet-jarvil; Apiaceae) 
(perennial forb; small white flowers; spreading pubescence)
 (Bear Island, April, flowers; )

☐ Osmorrhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC (Anise-root, Long-styled Sweet-cicely, Smooth Sweet-cicely, Sweet Cicely, Apiaceae) 
(perennial forb; small white flowers; appressed pubescence) 
(Bear Island, April, flowers; )

☐ ☹ Pastinaca sativa L. (Parsnip, Wild Parsnip)

☐ Sanicula (WDCA, 4 species)

☐ Sanicula gregaria E. P. Bicknell (Clustered Snakeroot, Apiaceae) 
(perennial forb; small greenish flowers)

☐ Zizia aurea (L.) W. D. J. Koch (Common Golden-Alexanders, Golden Zizia; Apiaceae) 
(perennial forb; small yellow flowers in; pollinator nectar and pollen source.  Z. aptera has cordate leaves.) 
(Bear Island, April, flowers; )

Apocynaceae (Dogbanes, Milkweeds, and kin) (Small flowers occur in cymous racemes and other kinds of inflorescences.  Apocynads are important nectar sources for pollinators.  Monarch Butterflies and several other arthropod species feed on milkweed flowers, foliage, and stems.  Some arthropod species feed on milkweed roots.)

☐ Apocynum cannabinum L. (Indian-hemp, Apocynaceae) 
(perennial forb; small white flowers; roots and leaves are food of the iridescent Dogbane Beetle)

☐ ☹ Asclepias curassavica L. (Bloodflower, Apocynaceae) 
(perennial forb; important nectar source for many pollinator species.  Small flowers are main yellow-orange, yellow and orange, and yellow and red, depending on the plant.) 
(WDCA, a tender garden plant)

☐ Asclepias exaltata L. (Poke Milkweed, Apocynaceae) 
(a clonal, perennial forb; ) 
(DS, BBM)

☐ Asclepias syriaca L. (Common Milkweed, Apocynaceae) 
(a clonal, perennial forb; AEA, 163.  Small flowers are near white, pinkish, or purplish, depending on the clone.)

☐ Asclepias tuberosa L. (Butterflyweed, Apocynaceae) (perennial forb; small flowers are yellow orange through red, depending on the plant; AEA, 163.) 

☐ ☹ Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br. (Porcelain-flower, Waxplant; Apocynaceae) 
(tropical perennial vine; houseplant) 
(WDCA; GU; Hawaii and Puerto Rico, escaped from gardens)

☐ Vinca major L. (Greater Periwinkle, Large Periwinkle, Apocynaceae) 
(subshrub; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Vinca minor L. (Common Periwinkle, Myrtle (a poor name), Periwinkle, Running-myrtle; Apocynaceae) (trailing subshrub; simple, evergreen leaves; large light violet through white flowers; AEA, 152. ) 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant;  Bethesda, 110402, fl;  COCNHP; GAP; GU; TRP;)

Aquifoliaceae (Hollies)

☐ Ilex aquifolium L. (English Holly; Aquifoliaceae) 
(tree; simple, lobed, evergreen leaves; small white flowers) 
(Native to Europe; Alberta, Hawaii, Ontario, and Pacific States, invasive; GU; )

☐ Ilex decidua Walter (Possum-haw)
(small tree) 
(Bear Island)

☐ Ilex opaca Aiton (American Holly; Aquifoliaceae) 
(tree; simple, lobed, evergreen leaves; small white flowers; AEA, 108) 
(Bear Island, May, flowers; GU, WDCA; WHG, 110409, large tree by the beehive; )

☐ Ilex verticillata (L.) Asa Gray (Black-alder, Michigan Holly, Winterberry Holly; Aquafoliaceae) 
(small tree; small white flowers; AEA, 126) 
(DS, FZS) 

☐ Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. (Mountain Holly, Wild Holly; Aquifoliaceae) 
(small tree) 
(BBM, DS)

Araceae (Aroids) (Tiny flowers are at the base of a spadix which a spathe surrounds.)

☐ Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Shott (Jack-in-the-pulpit, Jill-in-the-pulpit, Jack-Jill-in-the-pulpit; Araceae) 
(cormous, perennial forb; fly pollinated; small greenish flowers.  Plants are female in good sites, male in poorer sites, or hermaphrodites.  Plants can change sex.) 
(WDCA, uncommon; Bear Island; April, flowers; COCNHP; TRP)

☐ Arisaema dracontium (L.) Shott (Dragon-root; Green-dragon)
(cormous, perennial forb; ) 
(WDCA, rare; COCNHP)		

☐ Calla palustris L. (Bog Arum, Calla, Marsh Calla, Wild sCalla; Araceae) 
(Finzel Swamp, MD, rare MD plant; )

☐ Symplocarpus foetidus Salisb. (Clumpfoot-cabbage; Foetid-pothos; Meadow-cabbage; Polecat-weed; Skunk-cabbage, Swamp-cabbage; Araceae) 
(long-lived, perennial forb; late-winter flowers; memorable odor of inflorescences; thermogenic inflorescences; contractile roots which pull plants deeper into the ground) (native to Northern Asia and North America; endangered in TN; ) 

Araliaceae (Ivies and kin)

☐ ☹ Hedera helix Linnaeus (English Ivy, Araliaceae) (woody perennial vine; small greenish flowers) 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant; WHG, many plants; ) 

☐ ☹ Hedera hibernica (Kirchn.) Bean (Irish Ivy, Araliaceae) 
(woody perennial vine; small greenish flowers) 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant) 

☐ Panax quinquefolius L. (American Ginseng, Ginseng; Araliaceae) 
(perennial forb; small white flowers; medicinal species) 
(WDCA, once widespread, now largely extirpated partly through overcollecting)

☐ Panax trifolius L. (Dwarf Ginseng, Araliaceae) 
(perennial forb; small white flowers) 
(TRP, WDCA)

Aristolochaceae (Dutchman-pipe Family, Pipevines and kin)

☐ Asarum canadense L. (Wild-ginger, many other nonscientific names; Aristolochaceae) 

Asarum canadense L.  n.  A clonal, perennial forb (Aristolochaceae) native to forests in Eastern North America and Southeastern Canada, and characterized by having chordate leaves, an large brownish-purple flowers.
syn. Broad-leaved Asarabaccais, Canada Wild Ginger, Canadian Snakeroot, many scientific other names
Comments: Flowers occur in April–May.  The pollinators of this plant are not well studied and might include ants and beetles.  This plant might be totally self pollinated.   Rhizomes are sources of medicine for premenstrual discomfort, stomach arches, and swollen breasts (Cherokee uses); bruises and contusions (Chippewa); fighting bad dreams brought on by dead and urinary problems (Iroquois), ptomaine poisoning (by cooking dead animals with a bit of the root, Meskwakis); colds, nervous conditions, and sore throats (Native Americans).  The root relieves human gas and promotes sweating (Foster and Duke 1990).  The root is a replacement for Jamaican Ginger, and used by American Settlers.  This plant contains Aristolochic Acid, an antitumor compound for Humans.  Asarum canadense and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) have similar fragrances.  Asarum canadense is a dangerous substitute for Z. officinale because the former contains aristolochic acid.	
(WDCA; BI; GFVA; SFS 2008; TRP, 1000s, 20090411, leaves).  

☐ Aristolochia durior Hill (Aristolochia macrophylla Lam., Pipevine, Dutchman’s-pipe; Aristolochaceae) 
(Woody vine.  Leaves and young stems are food of Pipevine Swallowtails.)
(Native to Eastern U.S.)

Asteraceae (Asters and kin) (Small flowers are in flower heads that often superficially resemble single flowers.  Flower heads have only disc or ray flowers, or have both kinds of flowers, depending on the species.)

☐ Achillea millefolium L. (Common Yarrow, Milfoil, Yarrow; Asteraceae) 
(small white flowers; perennial forb; white ray fl; flowers, May–November; cvs with pink, orange, white, or yellow ray flowers) 
(native to Europe and North America; TRP)

☐ Achillea milliefolium forma rosea Rand and Redf. 
(pink ray flowers)

☐ Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linnaeus (Bitterweed, Common Ragweed, Hayfeverweed, Herbe à Poux and Sarriette (in Quebec), Hogweed, Roman Wormwood; Asteraceae) 
(annual; small greenish flowers; wind-pollinated) 
(native to North America)

☐ Ambrosia trifida Linnaeus (Buffaloweed, Giant Ragweed, Hogweed, Horseweed; Asteraceae) 
(annual; small greenish flowers; wind-pollinated) 
(native to North America)

☐ Ambrosia xhelenae Rouleau (Helen’s Ragweed; A. trifida x A. artemisiifolia; Asteraceae) 
(annual; small greenish flowers; wind-pollinated) 
(native to North America; GU; WDCA)

☐ Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson (Everlasting, Plantain-leaved Everlasting, Plantain-leaved Pussytoes, Plantain Pussytoes; perennial forb; ) 
(Bear Island, April, flowers)

☐ ☹ Arctium minus (Hill) Johann Jacob Bernardi (Cibourroche (Quebec), Clotbur, Common Burdock, Asteraceae.  biennial; large, simple leaves; flowers vary from white through light purple.) 
(BBM, GU, WDCA)

☐ Arnica acaulis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Leopard’s-bane)
(perennial forb; )
(Bear Island)

☐ ☹ Artemisa (WDCA, no native species; 8 introduced spp.)

☐ ☹ Artemisa annua L. (Annual Wormwood; Asteraceae) 
(annual; small greenish flowers; wind-pollinated; artimesin, a cancer drug) 
(Native to Europe, TRP; WDCA, naturalized)

☐ Aster sensu stricto (Wild Asters. In the last 20 years, taxonomists split Aster into many genera.  I used the older taxonomy below, which puts all asters into the genus Aster, for convenience.  Perennial forbs.   Flower heads have disc and ray flowers.  Disc flowers change color from yellowish to brownish.  Some plants are difficult to identify to species.) 
(WDCA, 30 spp., 1 exotic sp.)

☐ Aster cordifolius Michaux (Heartleaf Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small light blue-violet ray flowers) 
(GU, TRP, WDCA) 

☐ Aster divaricatus L. (White Wood Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small white ray flowers) 
(TRP; WDCA)

☐ Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton (Calico Aster, Goblet Aster, Poverty Aster, Starved Aster; Asteraceae) 
(small white ray flowers) 
(WDCA) 

☐ Aster lowrienanus Porter (Lowrie’s Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small light blue-violet ray flowers) 
(FEF) 

☐ Aster pilosus Willd. (Pilose Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small white ray flowers)

☐ Aster novae-angliae L. (New England Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small blue-violet ray flowers; AEA, 139)

☐ Aster novi-belgii L. (new name: Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, New York Aster; small pink, magenta through blue-violet ray flowers) 

☐ Aster oblongifolius  Nuttall (Shale Barrens Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small light blue-violet or light purple-pink ray flowers) 
(PCSBF) 

☐ Aster prenanthoides Muhlenberg (Crooked-stem Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small light blue-violet ray flowers) 
(FEF) 	

☐ Aster puniceus L. (Bristly Aster, Purple-stemmed Aster, Swamp Aster; Asteraceae) 
(small light blue-violet ray flowers; AEA, 139) 
(FZS)

☐ Aster umbellatus Mill. (Flat-top White Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small white ray flowers) 

☐ Aster vimineus Lam. (Wild Aster, Asteraceae) 
(small white ray flowers) (WDCA, possibly A. lateriflorus)

☐ Bidens (Stick-tights, Asteraceae) 
(WDCA, 13 spp., including 2 introduced spp.)

☐ Bidens bipinnata Linnaeus (Spanish-needles, Asteraceae) 
(annual; )	

☐ Bidens frondosa Linnaeus, Beggarlice, Beggarticks, Black Beggarticks, Bur-marigold, Devils’ Beggarticks, Spanish-needles, Stick-tight, Sticktights; Asteraceae) 
(annual; ) 

☐ ☹ Centaurea maculosa Lam. (Centaurea biebersteinii DC, Spotted Knapweed; Asteraceae) 
(perennial forb; AEA, 139) 
(PCSBF; U.S., a major invasive sp.; WDCA)

☐ Cirsium (Thistles, Asteraceae)

☐ Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (Erigeron canadensis and other scientific names; Colt’s-tail, Horseweed; annual; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ Erigeron (WDCA, 4 spp.)

☐ Erigeron philadelphicus L. (Common Fleabane, Philadelphia-daisy, Philadelphia Fleabane, kevish; Asteraceae) (biennial forb) 
(Bear Island, May, flowers; WDCA)

☐ Erigeron strigosus Muhlenberg ex Willdenow, 1803 (Lesser Dily Fleabane; Prairie Fleabane, Rough Fleabane; White-top; Asteraceae) 
(small white ray flowers) 
(WDCA)

☐ Eupatorium  (Joe-pye-weeds, Asteraceae) 

(WDCA, 20 spp., including 1 introduced sp. Perennial forbs.  )

☐ Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. (Ageratina altissima, White Snakeroot, Asteraceae) 
(GAP, GU, TRP, WDCA) 

☐ Eupatorium serotinum Michaux (Late Thoroughwort, Asteraceae) 
(WDCA) 

☐ Helianthus (Sunflowers) (WDCA, 17 spp., including 6 introduced spp., plus 1 introduced hybrid)

☐ Helianthus annuus (Annual Sunflower; Asteraceae) 
(annual.  The native form has brownish disk flowers and orange-yellow ray flowers. Cultivars have ray flowers of yellow through brown, orange, purplish, and red. Some cultivars, e.g., the Russian Sunflower, have huge flower heads.)
(WDCA, a common garden plant) 

☐ Hieraceum venosum L. (Rattlesnake-weed, Veiny Hawkweed; perennial forb; ) 
(Bear Island, May, flowers)

☐ Krigia virginica (L.) Willdenow (Virginica Dwarf-dandelion; perennial forb; ) 
(Bear Island, April, flowers)

☐ Lactuca canadensis L.  (Tall Lettuce, Wild Lettuce; Asteraceae) 
(annual; hairy stems; can be weedy in local gardens; ) 
(Bear Island; Bethesda; )
☐ ☹ Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Ox-eye Daisy; Asteraceae) 
(biennial; small–large white ray flowers; AEA, 140) 
(DS, FEF, WDCA)

☐ Polymnia (WDCA, 2 spp. Perennial forbs.  )

☐ Polymnia canadensis L. (Pale-flowered Leafcup, Small-flowered Leafcup; White-flowered Leafcup)
(simple, lobed leaves; small flower heads with white ray flowers and yellow disc flowers; flowers in late summer and early fall; groups of shoots on rock cliffs) 
(Bear Island, 110402, shoots groups, up to 12 inches tall; )	

☐ Polymnia uvedalia L. (Smallanthus uvedalius; Bear’s-foot, Large-flowered Leafcup, Yellow-flowered Leafcup) (large simple leaves; yellow ray flowers in late summer) 
(DMWP; WDCA)

☐ Rudbeckia (WDCA, 4 spp.)

☐ Rudbeckia hirta L. (Black-eyed-Susan, Asteraceae) 
(biennial, perennial forb; AEA, 143.  State Flower of Maryland.) 
(H66, WDCA)

☐ Rudbeckia fulgida L. (Black-eyed-Susan, Asteraceae) 
(perennial forb; often grown in gardens)

☐ Rudbeckia laciniata L. (Cut-leaved Coneflower, Green-headed Coneflower, Tall Coneflower, Wild Golden-glow; Asteraceae) 
(perennial forb; rosettes over the cold season) 
(WDCA)

☐ Senecio (WDCA, 9 spp., including 3 introduced spp.)

☐ Senecio aureus L. (Golden Groundsel, Golden Ragwort, Heart-leaved Groundsel; Asteraceae) 
(perennial forb; yellow disk and ray flowers) (Bear Island, April, flowers; )
(WDCA)

☐ Solidago (Goldenrods, Verge D'or (in Quebec); Asteraceae) (perennial forbs) (WDCA, 30 spp.)

☐ Solidago caesia Linnaeus (Blue-stem Goldenrod, Wreath Goldenrod; Asteraceae)

☐ Solidago canadensis L. (Canada Goldenrod, Common Goldenrod; Asteraceae) 
(AEA, 144) (FEF, WDCA) 

☐ Solidago juncea (Early Goldenrod; Asteraceae) 
(AEA, 144) (FEF, PCSBF, WDCA)

☐ Solidago ulmifolia Gotthilf Henry Ernest Muhlenberg (Elm-leaf Goldenrod, Asteraceae) 
(FEF) 

☐ ☹ Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC (many other scientific names, Red-seeded Dandelion; Asteraceae) 
(perennial forb; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wiggers (Common Dandelion, Asteraceae) 
(perennial forb; an almost cosmopolitan “weed.”  Flower heads comprise yellow ray flowers. Many arthropod species consume nectar of this species. This species can bloom any month of the year in the WDCA. AEA, 145) 
(native to Europe; Bear Island, February, flowers; FEF; GAP; GU; WDCA)

☐ Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney (Wingstem, Yellow-ironweed; Asteraceae) 
(perennial forb) 

☐ Youngia japonica (L.) DC (Asiatic Hark’s-beard, Asiatic-hawkweed) (Bear Island) 

Balsaminaceae (Jewelweeds)

☐ Impatiens capensis Meerburgh (Orange Jewelweed, Orange Touch-me-not, Spotted Touch-me-not; Balsaminaceae. Annual; ) 
(DMWP; FEF, FZS, SBFY) 

☐ Impatiens pallida Nuttall (Pale Touch-me-not, Yellow Jewelweed, Yellow Touch-me-not; Balsaminaceae) 
(annual; AEA, 179) 
(Bethesda, 110320, small seedlings; GFVA, SFS 2008; FEF; FZS; SBY; TRP, 20090411, seedlings with 2 cotyledons and small regular leaves).  

Berberidaceae (Barberries and kin)

☐ Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux (Blue Cohosh, Papoose-root; flowers for a few days; Berberidaceae)
(perennial forb; small greenish flowers)
(WDCA, TRP)

☐ Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Persoon (Twinleaf, Twin-leaf; Berberidaceae) 
(perennial forb; large white flowers; named after Thomas Jefferson;) 
(Bear Island; April, flowers; )

☐ Podophylum peltatum L. (American Mandrake, Devil’s-apple, Duck’s-foot, Hog-apple, Indian-apple, Mayapple,  Raccoonberry, Umbrella-plant, Wild-lemon; Berberidaceae) 

(clonal, perennial forb; large white flowers; requires clone cross-pollination in fruit initiation) (Bear Island, April, flowers;  TRP; WDCA, common; )

Betulaceae (Alders, Birches)

☐ Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd (Smooth Alder, Betulaceae) 
(small tree; small greenish flowers; AEA, 121) 
(Bear Island; March, flowers; SBFY)

☐ Betula aleghaniensis Britton (Yellow Birch; Betulaceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers; AEA, 105) 
(BBM, DS, FEF)		

☐ Betula nigra L. (River Birch, Water Birch; Betulaceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers in April in the WDCA; peeling gray bark) 
(TRP) 

☐ Carpinus caroliniana Walter (American Hornbeam, Blue-beech, Ironwood, Musclewood; Betulaceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers; smooth gray bark)

☐ Ostrya virginica (Mill.) K. Koch (Hop-hornbeam, Ironwood; Betulaceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers; striate bark) 
(Bear Island, 110402, extended catkins, not open; )

Bignoniaceae (Catalpas, Trumpet-creepers, and kin)

☐ Catalpa (WDCA, 3 introduced spp.) 	

☐ Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Ex Bureau (Trumpet-creeper, Trumpet-vine; Bignoniaceae) 
(large woody vine; large yellow through orange flowers; hummingbird pollinated; ant-guarded flowers; AEA, 147) 
(Native to Southeastern U.S., a popular garden plant in Southern Canada and many other areas of the U.S.; COCNHP; TRP; WDCA) 

Boraginaceae (Borage and kin)

☐ Borago officinalis L. (Borage; Boraginaceae) (WDCA, waif)

☐ Mertensia virginica (L.) Persoon (Bluebells, Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip; Boraginaceae) 

(perennial forb; blue, pink, or white flowers, depending on the plant) 
(Bear Island, 110402, about 1% in flower)

☐ Onosmodium virginianum (L.) A. DC (Eastern False Groomwell, False Gromwell; Boraginaceae) 
(perennial forb) 
(WDCA, rare; MD, extinct)

Brassicaceae

☐ ☹ Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Garlic-mustard; Brassicaceae) 

(biennial; small white flowers; AEA, 165) 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant;  Bear Island, April, flowers; COCNHP, GAP, GU, TRP,)

☐ Arabis (WDCA, 8 spp., including 1 introduced sp.)

☐ Arabis laevigata (Muhl ex Willd.) Poir. (Smooth Rockcress)
(simple, toothed, lower leaves; ) (Bear Island)

☐ Arabis lyrata L. (Lyre-leaved Rockcress)
(pinnate lower leaves are pinnate; ) (Bear Island)

☐ Barbarea (WDCA, 2 exotic spp.)

☐ Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. (Early Winter-cress)

☐ Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton (Common Wintercress, Yellow-rocket) 
(biennial; ) 
(WDCA, naturalized; Bear Island, April, flowers; )

☐ Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Shepherd’s-purse; Brassicaceae)
(biennial; ) (Native to Europe; Bear Island, April, flowers; )

☐ Cardamine (US, 40 spp.)

☐ Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) B.S.P. (Bulbous Cress, Spring Cress; simple leaves; ) 
(Bear Island, April, fl; )

☐ Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) Sw. (Dentaria laciniata, Cutleaf Toothwort, Cutleaf-pepperroot; Brassicaceae)
(hairy, rhizomatous perennial forb; palmately divided leaves with acute teeth; light pink flowers; edible rhizomes; ).  
(BI, 090404, 110402, fl.; GAP; GFVA (SFS 2008); TRP, 1000s, 090405, fb; 090411, fb)

☐ Cardamine hirsuta (Linnaeus) Medicus. (Hairy Bittercress; Brassicaceae) 
(winter annual; small white flowers) 
(Bear Island, 110402, fl;  WDCA, a major invasive plant)

☐ Cardamine angustata O.E. Schulz (Dentaria heterophylla, Slender Toothwort)
(glabrous, rhizomatous perennial forb; palmately divided leaves with short, rounded teeth; light pink flowers; edible rhizomes;  http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CAAN11) (Bear Island, early April, fl.; )

☐ ☹ Erysimum repandum L. (Treacle-mustard)
(hairs, 2–5 branched) 
(US alien; Bear Island, waif; )

☐ ☹ Hesperis matronalis L. (Dame’s-rocket, Dame’s-violet; Brassicaceae)
(Native to Europe; WDCA; cccc; )

☐ ☹ Lepidium campestre L.) W. T. Aiton (Cow-cress; Field-cress)
(auricled stem leaves) 
(Bear Island, April, fl; )

☐ Lepidium virginicum L. (Poor-man’s-pepper, Wild Peppergrass)
(tapered stem leaves) 
(Bear Island, April, fl; )

Bromeliaceae (Bromeliads)

☐ ☹ Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. (Ball-moss, Small Ballmoss, Bunchmoss, Gallitos; Bromeliaceae) 
(perennial forb)
(native to the U.S.)

☐ ☹ Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L., 1762 (Dendropogon usneoides, Spanish-moss;  Bromeliaceae) 
(perennial forb; small greenish flowers)
(native to Central, North, and South America)

Buxaceae (Boxwoods and kin)

☐ ☹  Aucuba japonica Thunberg (Aucuba, Spotted-laurel; Buxaceae) 
(shrub) 
(Native to Asia; WDCA, gardens)

Cactaceae

☐ Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. (Opuntia compressa and other scientific names; Eastern Prickly-pear, Indian-fig; Cactaceae) 
(perennial forb; tiny leaves; pad-like stems; large yellow flowers; bee pollinated; edible red fruit; (MT, Ontario, south through FL and NM; Bear Island, May, fl.; WDCA)

Cannabinaceae (Hemp Family, Marijuanas and kin)

☐ ☹ Cannabis sativa L. (Grass (a poor name), Hemp, Marijuana, Pot, Weed (a poor name); Cannabinaceae) (herbaceous annual; small greenish flowers) 
(native to Asia; WDCA, once common, now rare)

☐ ☹ Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica  (Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist (Marijuana; Cannabinaceae) 
(herbaceous annual; small greenish flowers)

Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckles, Viburnums, and kin)

☐ Lonicera (WDCA, 1 native sp., 7 exotic spp., 1 exotic hybrid)
☐ ☹ Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton (Early Bush Honeysuckle, Fragrant Honeysuckle, Winter Honeysuckle; Caprifoliaceae) 
(shrub) 
(GU, WDCA)

☐ ☹ Lonicera japonica Thunberg (Japanese Honeysuckle; Caprifoliaceae) 
(shrub; AEA, 158) 
(WDCA, a major invasive sp.; Bear Island, May, fl.; COCNHP, GAP, WDCA)

☐ ☹ Lonicera maackii (Rur.) Maxim. (Maack’s Honeysuckle; Caprifoliaceae) 
(shrub; length of inflorescence stalk is shorter the petioles) 
(WDCA, a major invasive sp.; DMWP)

☐ ☹ Lonicera morrowii A. Gray (Morrow’s Honeysuckle)
(shrub; a corolla base is swollen on one side) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ ☹ Lonicera xylosteum L.  (European Fly Honeysuckle)
(shrub; pith is brown, stems are often hollow; ) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ Viburnum (WDCA. 10 spp., including 3 introduced spp. Shrubs.  )

☐ Viburnum sp. (TRP, flowers in April)

☐ Viburnum acerifolium L. (Maple-leaved Viburnum)
(3-lobed, simple leaves; small white flowers; ) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; TRP, ?)

☐ Viburnum lantanoides Michaux (Hobblebush Viburnum, Witch-hobble)
(AEA, 127) 
(BWF)

☐ Viburnum prunifolium L. (Black-haw) 
(Bear Island, 110402, flower buds, tiny new leaves; )

☐ Viburnum rafinesqueanum Schult. (Downy Arrow-wood)
(large teeth on leaves; prominent leaf veins; ) 
(Bear Island, May, fl.; TRP, ?)

Caryophyllaceae (Carnations, Chickweeds, Pinks, and kin)

☐ Cerastium arvense L. (Field Checkweed)
(5 styles; petals are longer than sepals) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ ☹ Cerastium vulgatum L. (Common Mouse-eared Chickweed)
(perennial forb; 5 styles; petals and sepals are of similar length; ) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ Silene caroliniana Walter (Wild-pink)
(perennial forb; connate sepals) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ Stellaria pubera Michaux (Star Chickweed; Caryophyllaceae) 
(3 styles; subsessile leaves, 2–9 cm long; sterile shoots; small white flowers) 
(TRP, April, fl.; WDCA)

☐ ☹ Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (Chickenwort; Common Chickweed, Craches, Maruns, Winterweed; Caryophyllaceae) 
(winter annual; small white flowers; 3 styles; petiolate leaves, 1–3 cm long; winter annual; can form large mats) (Native to Europe; Bear Island, 110402, flowers on plants growing on rocky cliffs; WDCA, common, naturalized)

Celastraceae (Bittersweets, Stafftrees, and kin)

☐ ☹ Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Oriental Bittersweet; Celastraceae) 
(woody vine; ) 
(TRP, WDCA, a major invasive plant) 		

☐ Celastrus scandens L. (American Bittersweet, Celastraceae) 
(woody vine; AEA, 147) 
(WDCA, rare)

☐ Euonymus alatus (Thunberg) Siebold (Winged Burningbush, Winged Euonomus; Celastraceae)
(shrub). 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant;  BI; GFVA (SFS 2008); TRP, 10s;)

☐ ☹ Euonymus fortunei (Turcz) Hand.-Mazz. (Climbing Euonymus, Winter-creeper, Celastraceae) 
(woody vine; ) 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant) 

Convolvulaceae (Dodders, Morning-glories, and kin)

☐ Cuscuta (Dodders, Convolvulaceae.  Dodders  were in Cuscutaceae.  Annual parasitic vines with no chlorophyll; small whitish flowers) 
(WDCA, 7 spp.)

Cornaceae (Dogwoods)

☐ Cornus (WDCA, 7 spp.)

☐ Cornus florida L. (Eastern Flowering Dogwood,  Cornaceae) 

Cornus florida L., Eastern Flowering Dogwood   n. A deciduous, dicot tree native to North America and characterized by have opposite, simple, entire leaves and small greens flowers surrounded by pink through white bracts (AEA, 106).
syn. Flowering Dogwood
Comments: Flowers open in April–May in the WDCA.  Flowers produce nectar and pollen used by flower flies, small carpenter bees and other bees.   The drupes of this plant are food of the Bobwhite, Eastern Gray Squirrel, Prairie Chicken, Ring-necked Pheasant (alien), Ruffed Grouse, Sharp-tailed Grouse, other small mammal species, many songbird species, and Wild Turkey.  Stems and leaves are food of Eastern Cottontail Rabbits, White-tailed Deer, and the Dogwood Anthracnose  Fungus (which already killed thousands of trees of this species in the last few decades).  This tree is a successional species and an understory tree.  This is a wonderful plant for a native garden. 
(WDCA, common; BI, DMWP, FEF, GFVA (SFS 2008), GU; NB; TRP; WHG, 1 planted by Hillary Clinton in 1994, 1 planted by Bill and Hillary Clinton in 1996; )

☐ ☹ Cornus florida var. rubra (Pink-flowering Dogwood) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Cornus (florida x kousa) ‘Celestial’ 
(in gardens along with several other cvs of this cross) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Cornus kousa Hance (Kousa, Japanese Dogwood, Korean Dogwood, Cornaceae) 
(tree; native to Asia; New York, escaped from cultivation; WDCA, in gardens)

Crassulaceae (Crassulas, Sedums and kin)

☐ Sedum ternatum Michx. (Three-branched Stonecrop, Three-leaved Stonecrop; Wild Stonecrop; Crassulaceae) (perennial forb; small white flowers; simple, succulent leaves; ) 
(BI; TRP, April, fl.; WDCA)

Cucurbitaceae (Squashes, Watermelons, and kin)

☐ Cucurbita pepo L. (Pumpkin, Cucurbitaceae, annual vine; )

☐ Cucurbita mixta Pangalo (Pumpkin, Cucurbitaceae annual vine; )

☐ Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Pumpkin, Cucurbitaceae annual vine; )
☐ Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poir (Pumpkin, Cucurbitaceae annual vine; ) 

☐ Echinocystis lobata (Michaux) Torr.& Asa Gray (Balsam-apple, Prickly-cucumber, Wild-cucumber; Cucurbitaceae) 
(small white flowers; AEA, 154) 
(DMWP, WDCA)

☐ ☹ Lagenaria (Gourds, Cucurbitaceae)

Cyperaceae (Rushes, Sedges)

☐ Carex (sedge, Cyperaceae) (small greenish flowers; perennial grass)

☐ Carex (sedge, Cyperaceae) (small greenish flowers; ) (Bear Island, 110402, in bloom, yellow anthers)

☐ Carex lacustris Willd. (Hairy Sedge, Lakebank Sedge; Cyperaceae) 
(small greenish flowers; Maryland endangered plant) 
(FZS)

☐ Eriophorum virginicum L. (Cotton-grass, Cyperaceae) 
(small greenish flowers) 
(DS, WDCA) 

☐ Luzula echinata (Small) F.J. Herm (Hedgehog Woodrush; Woodrush) 
(Bear Island, April, flowers; )

Droseraceae (Sundews)

☐ Drosera (WDCA, 3 spp.)

☐ Drosera rotundifolia L. (Roundleaf Sundew, Droseraceae) 
(annual; carnivorous; AEA, 179) (DS)

Ebenaceae (Ebonies)
		
☐ Diospyros virginiana Linnaeus (Common Persimmon, Persimmon; Ebenaceae) 
(tree; AEA, 107) 
(PCSBF, WDCA) 

Ericaceae (Heaths)

☐ Epigea repens L. (Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus; Ericaceae) 
(subshrub; AEA, 157) 
(BI, April, fl.; COCHNP, DS, GAP (extinct), WDCA)

☐ Gaultheria procumbens L. (Checkerberry, Wintergreen; Ericaceae) 
(subshrub; AEA, 157) 
(DS, WDCA)

☐ Gaylasaccia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch (Black Huckleberry, Huckleberry; Ericaceae) 
(shrub; AEA, 123) 
(Bear Island, May, fl.; DS, FEF, WDCA)

☐ Kalmia latifolia Linnaeus (Calico-bush, Ivy-laurel, Mountain-laurel, Sheepkill; Ericaceae)
(shrub; AEA, 124.  State Flower of Pennsylvania.) 
(Bear Island, May, fl.; DS, WDCA)

☐ Rhododendron maximum Linnaeus (Great-laurel; Rosebay, Rosebay Rhododendron, Ericaceae) 
(small tree; AEA, 124.  WV State Flower.)  
(BBM, DS, FEF, U. Michigan Arboretum; WDCA, native)

☐ Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michaux) Shinners (Azalea nudiflora, Rhododendron nudiflorum, Pink Azalea, Pinxter-flower, Pink-honeysuckle; Ericaceae) 
(shrub; AEA, 124.) 
 (BBM, DS, FEF, WDCA, native)

☐ Vaccinium sp. (Blueberries; Ericaceae) (WDCA, 5 spp.)

☐ Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Vaccinium lamarckii, Vaccinium pensilvanicum, Common Lowbush Blueberry, Early Low Blueberry, Low Sweet Blueberry, Sweet Blueberry; Ericaceae) (shrub; AEA, 125) 
(DS; FEF; WDCA)

☐ Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Highbush Blueberry, Swamp Blueberry; Ericaceae) 
(shrub; AEA, 125) 
(FZS, WDCA)

☐ Vaccinium oxycoccus L. (Small Cranberry, Ericaceae) 
(shrub; ) 
(DS)

☐ Vaccinium pallidum Aiton (Low Blueberry)
(shrub; stamen tips are included (within corollas) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.)

☐ Vaccinium stamineum L. (Deerberry)
(shrub; stamen tips are exserted (protruded outside corollas); ) 
(Bear Island, May, fl.)

Fabaceae (Pea Family; Beans, Peas, and other legumes)
												
☐ ☹ Albizia julibrissin Durazzini (Silk-tree, “Mimosa;” Fabaceae) 
(tree) 
(Native to Asia; COCNHP, GU)

☐ Cercis canadensis L. (Eastern Redbud, Judas-tree; Fabaceae or Caesalpiniaceae) 

Cercis canadensis L., Eastern Redbud  n. A deciduous, dicot tree (Fabaceae) native to North America and characterized by having alternate, simple, entire, chordate leaves, and white through pink through magenta zygomorphic flowers (AEA, 128)  
syn. Judas-tree; Redbud
Comments: Flowers occur from February (Florida) through May (Michigan).  Nectar is food of the Giant Carpenter Bee, Western Honey Bee, and other pollinators.  Leaves are food of a species of leaf-folding tortricid moth and material used by leaf-cutting bees for their nest construction. This is a wonderful plant for a native garden.   
(WDCA, common; BI, April, fl.; FCSP (19740215, full bloom), FEF, GAP, GFVA (SFS 2008), GU, NB, TRP, 090411, almost fb; WHG, planted by Barbara and George Bush, 1990; a specimen with mostly magenta buds and a large branch with white buds occurs in the garden, 110409; )

☐ Melilotus (Sweet-clovers; Fabaceae) 
(WDCA, 3 introduced spp.; biennial forbs; ) 
(Bear Island, 110402, leaves)

☐ ☹ Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (Kudzu-vine; Fabaceae)

☐ ☹ Robinia pseudoacacia Linnaeus, 1753 (Black Locust, Fabaceae) 
(tree native to the U.S., but not the WDCA; clonal; spreading in North America; escaped in Europe and Japan, etc.; AEA, 113) 
(WDCA; Bear Island, 110402, stems only; May, fl.;  FEF, GAP, GU, NB, PCSBF) 

☐ Trifolium (Clovers) (WDCA, 12 spp., including 10 introduced spp.)

☐ ☹ Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover, Fabaceae) 
(short-lived perennial forb; ) 
(WDCA, common)

☐ ☹ Trifolium repens L. (White Clover; Fabaceae) 
(perennial forb; ) 
(WDCA, abundant; native to Europe, North Africa, West Asia; invasive in the U.S.; an introduced, worldwide pasture crop; now common in many grassy areas of New Zealand and North America;)

☐ Vicia sp. (vetch) 
(Bear Island)

Fagaceae (Beeches, Chestnuts, Oaks)

☐ Castanea dentata (Marshall) Bborkh. (American Chestnut, Chestnut; Fagaceae) 
(large tree; the alien Chestnut Blight killed or stunted most large specimens; AEA, 120) 
(NB, FEF, WDCA) 

☐ ☹ Castanea mollissima Blume (Chinese Chestnut, Fagaceae) 
(tree; ) 
(Native to China; NB, WDCA) 

☐ Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American Beech; Fagaceae) 
(large tree; small greenish flowers; AEA, 101) 
(COCNHP; TRP) 

☐ ☹ Fagus sylvatica Purpurea Group (Copper Beech, Purple Beech)
(tree, more than 50 ft tall; )
(native to Europe; GU, the was a large specimen near Lauinger Library, 1960s–1980s; WHG, George Bush (first) planted one in 1991; )

☐ Quercus (Oaks) (WDCA, 22 spp., including 1 introduced sp.  Most spp. are large trees.)

☐ Quercus alba L. (White Oak; Fagaceae) 
(Large, deciduous, dicot tree; bark, light ash-gray and somewhat peeling; simple, round-lobed leaves; State Tree of Maryland; AEA, 102) 
(native to Canada and the U.S.; Bear Island, April, fl.; GU, Millenium Tree, Healy Square, White Oak planted in 2000 by GU President Leo O’Donovan, much cutting by cicadas in 2004; Henle Village, a large tree; TRP; WHG, 1 planted by Herbert Hoove in 1931; )

☐ Quercus falcata Michaux (Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak; Fagaceae) 
(small greenish flowers) 
(WDCA)

☐ Quercus palustris Muenchh. (Pin Oak, Fagaceae) 
(small greenish flowers; AEA, 103) 
(BI, April, fl.; TRP; WDCA)	

☐ Quercus phellos Linnaeus (Willow Oak, Fagaceae) 
(Large, deciduous, dicot tree; simple, linear leaves; small greenish flowers; AEA, 103) 
(native to North America; BI, April, fl.; GU, about 10 large trees on Main Campus; WHG, Ronald Reagan planted one in 1988; Bill and Hillary Clinton planed one in 1993; )

☐ Quercus montana (Linnaeus) (Quercus prinus, Chestnut Oak; Fagaceae) 
(Large, deciduous, dicot tree; small greenish flowers; simple, alternate oblanceolate leaves with many small marginal lobes; massively-ridged dark gray-brown bark, the thickest of any Eastern North American oak; AEA, 103) 
(BI, April, fl.; TRP)

☐ Quercus rubra L. (Northern Red Oak, Champion Oak; Quercus borealis; Fagaceae) 
(Large, deciduous, dicot tree; small greenish flowers; bark ridges that appear to have shiny stripes down their centers; acorns; lives up to 500 yr (USDA); AEA 104) 
(Native to Canada and the U.S.; BI, April, fl.; GU, Observatory Hill; NB; TRP; WDCA; WHG, planted by Dwight Eisenhower, 1980)
			
☐ Quercus stellata Wangenh. (Post Oak, Fagaceae) 
(small greenish flowers; AEA, 104) 

☐ Quercus velutina Lam. (Black Oak, Fagaceae) 
(small greenish flowers) 

Fumariaceae (Fumarias and kin)

☐ Corydalis flavula (Rafinesque-Smaltz) de Candolle (Yellow Corydalis; Fumariaceae) 
(perennial forb; small, yellow flowers).  
(BI, April, fl.; COCNHP; GRSF, TRP, WDCA)

☐ Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (Pink-and-yellow Corydalis, Pale Corydalis, Rock-harlequin; Fumariaceae) (pink-and-yellow flowers) 
(WDCA; Wisconsin, Devil’s Lake)

☐ Dicentra (Bleeding-hearts; Greek dís, twice, kéntron, spur.  A genus of eight species of perennial herbaceous plants in Furmariaceae, many with heart-shaped flowers, native to Eastern Asia and North America.  The are garden hybrids of species.)

☐ Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. (Squirrel-corn; Fumariaceae) 
(perennial forb; large white, heart-shaped flowers) 
(BI, April, fl.; TRP, WDCA)

☐ Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernhardi (Dutchman’s-breeches; Fumariaceae) 
(perennial forb; large, V-shaped, white flowers. 
(Bear Island, 110402, a few plants in flower;  GRSF, TRP, WDCA)

☐ Dicentra eximia (L.) (Ker-Gawl.) Torr. (Fringed Bleeding Heart, Turkey-corn; Fumariaceae) 
(perennial forb; large, pinkish flowers) 
(DS; WDCA, in gardens)

☐ Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara (formerly Dicentra spectabilis; Dutchman's-trousers, Lady-in-a-bath, Lyre-flower, Old-fashioned Bleeding-heart, Venus's-car)
(rhizomatous perennial forb; large, totally white flowers, or pink-and-white flowers, depending on the plant) (native to Eastern Asia from Siberia south through Japan; WDCA, in many gardens)

Gentianaceae (Gentians and kin)

☐ Gentiana clausa Raf. (Gentiana andrewsii, in part; Bottle Gentian, Closed Gentian, Meadow Bottle Gentian, Meadow Closed Gentian; Gentianaceae) 
(AEA, 153) 
(FEF, WDCA)

Geraniaceae (Geraniums, Pelargoniums, and kin)

☐ Geranium (Geraniums) (WDCA, 10 spp., including 7 introduced spp.)

☐ Geranium maculatum L. (Crane’s-bill, Wild Crane’s-bill; Wild Geranium, Wood Geranium; Geraniaceae) 
(perennial forb; ) 
(BI, April, fl.; )

Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazels)

☐ Hamamelis spp. (witch-hazels; garden varieties)

☐ Hamamelis virginiana Carolus Linnaeus, Café due Diable, Common Witch-hazel, Winter-bloom, Snapping-alder, Witch-hazel; Hamamelidaceae) \
(AEA, 131) 
(BBM, DS, FEF, GAP, SBFY, TRP, WDCA) 

☐ Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Red-gum, Sweet-gum; Hamamelidaceae) 
(small greenish flowers) 
(DMWP, WDCA)

Hemerocallidaceae (Daylilies)

☐ ☹ Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (Ditchlily, Fulvous Daylily, Orange Daylily, Tigerlily (poor name); Tiger Lily (poor name); Hemerocallidaceae) 

(large, attractive brown-orange flowers; one of the parents of over 60,000 cultivar; AEA, 159) 
(WDCA, common; COCNHP, TRP)

Hydrophyllaceae (Waterleaves and kin)

☐ Ellisia nyctelea L. (Ellisia)
(opposite leaves; solitary flowers) 
(BI; WDCA)

☐ Hydrophyllum canadense L.  (Broad-leaved Waterleaf, Maple-leaved Waterleaf; Hydrophyllaceae) 

(perennial forb; small white flowers; light spots on young leaves, often very light and conspicuous) 
(BI, May, fl.; WDCA)

☐ Hydrophyllum virginianum L.  (Eastern Waterleaf, Virginia Waterleaf; Hydrophyllaceae) 
(perennial forb; small white flowers; light spots on young leaves) 
(WDCA)

☐ Phacelia covillei S. Watson (Blue Scorpionweed, Coville’s Phacelia; Hydrophyllaceae) 
(similar to Phacelia ranunculacea (N = 6 chromosomes, haploid number); winter annual; small light BV, micranthous flowers; primarily or totally self pollinated (Barrows et al. 2011); glabrous filaments; 14  chromosomes (haploid number);)
(Endemic to the U.S.; isolated populations in MD, NC, ON, VA, WDC, WV; Bear Island, 110402, leaves and flower buds; TRP; )

☐ Phacelia dubia (L.) Trel. (Appalachian Phacelia, Small-flowered Phacelia)
(very light blue-voilet flowers; villous filaments on flowers) 
(WDCA: BI, April, fl.; )

☐ Phacelia purshii Buckle (Miami-mist, Pursh’s Phacelia) 
(light blue-violet flowers with long, narrow teeth on petal margins)
(WDCA)

Hypericaceae (St John’s-worts; 11 spp in WDCA, including one introduced sp.)

☐ Hypericum perforatum L. (Common St. John’s-wort)
(Native to Europe)

☐ Hypericum prolificum L. (Shrubby St. John’s-wort, H. spathuatum)
(WDCA; BI)

Iridaceae (Iris Family)

☐ Sisyrinchium (WDCA, 5 native spp.)

☐ Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. (Narrow-leaved Blue-eyed-grass, Stout Blue-eyed-grass) 
(Bear Island, late April, flowers; )

Juglandaceae (Hickories, Walnuts, and kin)

☐ Carya (Hickories; Juglandaceae) (WDCA, 6 spp.)

☐ Carya cordiformis (Wangenhelm) Karl Koch, Bitternut, Bitternut Hickory, Pignut, Swamp Hickory, Noyer Dur., Juglandaceae) 
(small greenish flowers) 

☐ Juglans (WDCA, 2 spp.)

☐ Juglans cinerea Linnaeus (Butternut, White Walnut; Juglandaceae) 
(small greenish flowers; AEA, 117) 
(PCSBF, NB) 
(WDCA)

☐ Juglans nigra Linnaeus (Black Walnut, Juglandaceae) 
(small greenish flowers; AEA, 117) (PCSBF, NB, WDCA) 

Lamiaceae (Mint Family, Labiatae; Mints and kin)

☐ ☹ Glechoma hederacea L., Alehoof, Catsfoot, Creeping-Charlie, Creeping-Charley, Creeping-Jenny, Field Balm, Gill-over-the-ground, Ground-ivy, Lierre Terrestre, Nepeta hederacea Trevisan, Nepeta glechoma Benth., Run-away-robin, Tunhoof; Lamiaceae) 
(AEA, 163)  
(WDCA, a major invasive plant) (Bear Island, 110402, flowers; )

☐ Lamium (Lamiaceae) (WDCA, 3 introduced spp.)

☐ ☹ Lamium amplexicaule L., (Henbit; Lamiaceae) 
(native to Europe; WDCA, naturalized; 110402, fb; )

☐ ☹ Lamium maculatum L. (Spotted Dead-nettle)
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Lamium purpureum L., (Purple Dead-nettle, Red Dead-nettle; Lamiaceae) 
(biennial forb; ) 
(native to Europe; WDCA, naturalized, March–May, fl.; )  

☐ Lycopus (WDCA, 5 native spp., 1 native hybrid, 1 European sp.)

Mentha (Lamiaceae) (WDCA, 5 spp., including 3 introduced spp., plus 4 hybrids)

☐ ☹ Mentha spicata L. (Spearmint, Lamiaceae) 
(perennial forb; leaves, sessile, or nearly so, meaning that leaves have no or very short petioles.)  
(Native to Europe; WDCA, naturalized)	

☐ ☹  Mentha xpiperita L. (Mentha aquatica x Mentha spicata, Menthe poivrée, Peppermint; Lamiaceae) (perennial forb; ) 
(Native to Europe; WDCA, naturalized)

☐ ☹  Melissa officinalis L. (Common-balm, Garden-balm, Lemon-balm; Lamiaceae) 
(perennial forb; ) 
(GU; WDCA, escape)

☐ Monarda (Beebalms)
(WDCA, 5 native spp.)

☐ Nepeta cataria L. (Catnip)
(Native to Europe)
(WDCA, naturalized)

☐ Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil)
(Native to ?)
(WDCA, an escape from gardens)
☐ Origanum vulgare L. (Wild Marjoram)
(Native to ?)
(WDCA, an escape from gardens)

☐ Salvia lyrata L. (Lyre-leaved Sage, Wild Sage) 
(WDCA; BI, May, fl.; )
			
☐ ☹  Solenostemon scutellarioides (Linnaeus)  (Coleus; Lamiaceae) 
(a common garden plant of many cvs., many developed in the last 40 yr; ) 
(WDCA, common in gardens; large displays often in Smithsonian gardens; )

Lauraceae (Laurels and kin)

☐  Lindera benzoin (L. )* Blume (Spicebush; Lauraceae)

☐  Lindera benzoin (L. )* Blume, Spicebushm n. A much branched, small, dioecious, deciduous, dicot tree (Lauraceae) up to 5 m tall and characterized by having simple, alternate, fragrant, entire leaves, small yellow flowers, and red, ripe drupes (Alden et al. 2007, 127).  
syn.  Feverbush (Iroquois)
Comments: Lindera benzoin is often an understory tree in forests.  Its small yellow flowers occur in March–April in the WDCA.  Male flowers have large anthers.  Its fruit are small ovoid drupes that are red when mature in late summer and fall.  Its nectar and pollen are food of some species of bees, flower flies, and other kinds of flies.  Leaves and stems are food of the Spicebush Silkmoth (= Promethia Moth) and Spicebush Swallowtail.  Fruit are food of some songbird species.  This is a wonderful plant for a native garden.  Humans steep leaves and twigs to make a herbal tea.  Cherokee drank this tea as a cold remedy and for blood and menstrual problems (Clark 2011, E6).  The Iroquois used a Spicebush tea to lower fever.  Mohegan children chewed twigs to rid themselves of worms.  During the Civil War, some Conferate soldiers drank Spicebush tea, which tastes much like an aromatic, spicy black tea.  A Spicebush bark extract strongly inhibits the growth of both the yeast Candida albicans and athlete’s-foot fungus.  White-tailed Deer tend not to eat Spicebush.  
(BI, 110402, fb; GAP; GFVA (SFS 2008); NB;  TRP, 100s, 090405, fb. 20090411, flowers).  	
Clark, Patterson.  2011.  A blooming panacea.  Washington Post 29 March: E6.  	

☐ Sassafras albidum (Thomas Nuttall) Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck (Red Sassafras, Sassafras, Silky Sassafras, White Sassafras; Lauraceae) (large tree; aromatic leaves; native to Eastern North America; food of larvae of the Spicebush Swallowtail; AEA, 108) 

Liliaceae (Lilies and kin)

☐ Erythronium albidum Nuttall (White Trout-lily, White Fawn-lily, White Dog’s-tooth-violet; Liliaceae) 
(perennial forb; ) 
(TRP, 090405, uncommon in flower)

☐ Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. (Yellow Trout-lily, Trout-lily, Yellow Adder’s-tongue, Yellow Dog’s-tooth-violet; Liliaceae) 
(perennial forb).  
(Bear Island, 110402, patch on rock cliff, about 10 flowers, fb;  TRP, 100405,  large patches of peak flowering on cliffs.) 

☐ Erythronium umbilicatum C. R. Parks & Hardin (Dimpled Trout-lily)
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Hyacinthus orientalis (Oriental Hyacinth, Liliaceae)
(perennial forb; many cvs planted in gardens; blue-violet, orange, pink, purple, red, or yellow flowers; highly fragrant; rarely escaped in nature) 
(native to Eurasia; WDCA, March–April)

☐ Lilium (WDCA, 4 native spp., 2 exotic spp.)

☐ Lilium canadense L. (Canada Lily, Liliaceae) 
(perennial forb; AEA, 159) 
(FEF)

☐ ☹ Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. (Common Grape-hyacinth)
(perennial forb; ) 
(Bear Island)

☐ ☹ Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. (Blue-bottle, Grape-flower, Grape-hyacinth)
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Ornithogalum nutans L. (Nodding Star-of-Bethlehem; Liliaceae) 
(perennial forb; white flowers) 
(Native to Europe; cccc; )

☐ ☹ Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (Star-of-Bethlehem, Sleepydick; Liliaceae) 

(perennial forb; white flowers; ) 
(Native to Europe; cccc; )

☐ Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott (Smooth Solomon’s-seal)
(perennial forb; ) 
(Bear Island, May, flowers;) 

☐ Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh (Downy Solomon’s-seal)
(WDCA)

☐ Smilax (Greenbriers, woody vines) 
(WDCA; Bear Island)

☐ Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. (False Solomon’s-seal, False Spikenard; Plumelily)
(perennial forb; ) 
(Bear Island, May, flowers; )

☐ ☹ Tulipa sylvestris L. (Dutch-lily, Wild Tulip)
(WDCA)
☐ ☹ Tulipa cvs. (Tulips) 
(bulbous perennial forb; many colors, shapes, and sizes of flowers; 1000s of cvs.; ) 
(Native to Eurasia; WDCA, widely planted in gardens; WHG, many Tulipa ‘Red Emperor’, 110409, fb.)

☐ Uvularia sessilifolia L. (Merrybells, Sessile-leaved Bellwort, Straw-lily; Wild-oats)
(perennial forb; ) 
(WDCA; Bear Island, May, flowers)	
					
Limnanthaceae (Meadow-foams and kin)

☐ Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (False-mermaid; Limnanthaceae) 
(small, white, trimerous flowers; Fernald 1950, 976; BB 1984, 634) (BI, April, fl.; TRP; WDCA, locally common)

Lobeliaceae (Bellflowers, Lobelias)

☐ Lobelia (Lobeliaceae) (WDCA, 6 native spp.)

☐ Lobelia cardinalis L. (Cardinal Flower; Lobeliaceae) 
(perennial forb; AEA, 146) 
(COCNHP, WDCA)

☐ Lobelia siphilitica L. (Great Blue Lobelia, Great Lobelia; Lobeliaceae) 
(perennial forb; AEA, 146) 
(FEF)

Lythraceae (Cuphaeas, Lythrums, and kin)

☐ Lagerstroemia cv. (Crape Myrtle, Lythraceae) (native to Asia)

☐ Lythrum salicaria L. (Purple Loosestrife; Lythraceae) 
(WDCA, alien, invasive; garden plant gone wild; DMWP; )

Magnoliaceae (Magnolias, Tuliptrees, and kin)
					
☐ Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Tuliptree, Yellow Poplar (a poor name), Tulip-poplar (a poor name);  Magnoliaceae) 

Liriodendron tulipifera L., Tuliptree  n.  A large, deciduous tree (Magnoliaceae) native to North America and characterized by having alternate sharp-lobed, simple, entire leaves and large, nectiferous flowers of green, orange, and yellow (AEA, 109).
syn. Tulip-poplar, Yellow Poplar (poor names, why?) 
Comments:  This species grows up to 198 feet, and is the tallest tree in the Appalachians.  Flowers occur from May–June in the WDCA.  Flowers up to 5 cm long.  Flowers produce copious nectar and pollen which are food of the False Honey Ant, Polyester Bee, Ruby-throated Hummingbird, and Western Honey Bee.  Tuliptree leaves are food of the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, Promethia Moth, Tuliptree Aphid, Tuliptree Scale, Tuliptree Sphinx Moth, Tuliptree Beauty Moth, and White-tailed Deer.  Leaf buds and flowers are food of the Eastern Gray Squirrel.  This is a wonderful plant for a very large native garden.  The widest tree in MD (now deceased) was a Tuliptree at St. John’s College in Annapolis with a trunk 26 feet and 7 inches in circumference.   Belt Woods in MD has many huge old-growth Tuliptrees.  
(WDCA, common; BI, GFVA (SFS 2008), TRP (20090411, small chartreuse leaves; 090503, fb).  
☐ ☹  Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.  (Cucumbertree, Magnoliaceae) 
(large tree; AEA, 109)
(Native to North America; WDCA, not native, in gardens; )

☐ ☹ Magnolia grandiflora L. (Big Laurel, Bull-bay, Evergreen Magnolia, Large-flower Magnolia, Southern Magnolia — Ya’ll; Magnoliaceae) 
(large tree; large, simple, entire, evergreen leaves; large, fragrant, white flowers; muliple fruits with red drupes in follicles; pollen, food of some flower-fly spp.) 
(native to Southeastern U.S.; a commonly planted ornamental tree in the U.S. and other countries; GU, Copley Square, Healy Square; WHG, many trees, 1 planted by Andrew Jackson in 1873, 1 planted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942, 1 planted by Warren G. Harding in 1922 and replaced in 1947)

☐ ☹ Magnolia liliflora (‘Nigra’ x Magnolia stellata ‘Rose’) ‘Judy’; Magnoliaceae) 
(native to Asia; GU, 2 plants by the memorial pond north of White-Gravenor Hall)

☐ ☹ Magnolia macrophylla Michaux
(Native to North America; WDCA, a garden escape; GU)

☐ Magnolia tripetala L. (Umbrella Magnolia, Umbrella-tree)
(Native to North America; WDCA, possibly native)
			
☐ Magnolia virginiana L. (Swamp-bay, Swamp Magnolia, Sweet-bay Magnolia, Magnoliaceae) 
(tree; large fragrant, white flowers; AEA, 109) 
(WDCA, in gardens, natural areas, and yards; GU; WHG) 

☐  ☹ Magnolia xsoulangiana (Étienne Soulange-Bodin, 1820) (Magnolia denuta x M. liliifolia; Saucer Magnolia; Magnoliaceae) 
(small tree; simple, entire leaves; large fragrant, pink and white flowers; pollen is food of some flower-fly spp.) 
(a hybrid of Asian parents, bred in France; U.S. and other countries, a commonly planted ornamental tree; GU, along Reservoir Road, many trees with dark pink and pink flowers, about 30 yr old, 110403, fb, only slightly cold burned; WDCA, Reservoir Road, a new planting of 2010; WHG, 110409, fb and sib, depending on the tree, at least one planted by John F. Kennedy in 1962; )

☐ ☹ Magnolia denudata (Yulan Magnolia)
(tree; large white flowers with citrus-lemon frangrance; cold weather can brown flowers; )
(Native to Central and Eastern China.  Chinese have cultivated this tree in Buddhist temple gardens since 600 A.D.  The Tang Dynasty regarded its flowers as a symbol of purity, and people planted it in the grounds of the Emperor’s palace.  This is the official city flower of Shanghai.  WDCA; WHG, Nancy Reagan planted it in 1982; )

Moraceae (Mulberries and kin)

☐ ☹ Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.  (Paper-mulberry; Moraceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers; simple, lobel leaves; ) 
(WDCA, naturalized)

☐ ☹ Maclura pomifera (Rafinesque) Schneider (Bois D'Arc, Bodark, Horse-apple, Osage-orange; Moraceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers) 
(native to AR, OK, TX; introduced in the WDCA)

☐ ☹ Morus alba L. (White Mulberry, Silkworm Mulberry; Moraceae) 
(large tree; small greenish flowers) 
(Native to Eurasia; GU; WDCA, a major invasive species)

☐ Morus rubra L. (Red Mulberry, Moraceae) 
(tree; AEA, 112) 
(native to North America; WDCA)	
				
Nymphaeaceae (Waterlilies and kin)

☐ Nuphar lutea (L.) Small (Nuphur advena and other scientific names; Bullhead-lily, Spatterdock, Yellow Pond-lily;, Yellow Water-lily)
(perennial forb) 
(Bear Island, May, fl.; DMWP; WDCA)

☐ Nymphaea odorata ordorata (Aiton) Woodv. & Wood (Beaverroot, Fragrant Waterlily, Nymphaeaceae) 
(perennial forb; ) 
(WDCA; COCNHP;  Silver Lake, WV, near the SCUS, common; )

Nyssaceae (Tupelos)

☐ Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. (Beetlebung (on Martha’s Vineyard), Blackgum, Pepperidge, Sourgum; Nyssaceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers; AEA, 106) (Bear Island, May, fl.; BBM; FZS, GU, WDCA)

Oleaceae (Olive Family; Ashes, Jasmines, Olives, and kin)

☐ Chionanthus virginicus L. (Fringe-tree, Old-man’s-beard; Oleaceae) 
(tree; ) 
(Bear Islsand, May, fl.; WDCA)	

☐ ☹ Forsythia suspensa (Thunberg) Vahl. (Forsythia, Oleaceae) 
(shrub; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. (Winter Jasmine; Oleaceae) 
(shrub; ) 
(GU, WDCA)

☐ Fraxinus (WDCA, 6 native spp.)

☐ Fraxinus americana L. (White Ash; Oleaceae) 
(large tree up to 30 m tall; dioecious; glabrous stems; large, pinnately compound leaves; small brownish through greenish flowers; purple stamens; flowers in April–May; leaves, food of the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail; trunks, food of the alien Emerald Ash Borer which kills this species; AEA, 112) 
(WDCA; Bear Island, April., fl.; GFVA (SFS 2008); GU, the Queen northwest corner of the wall by White Gravenor; the King, in Copley Square; TRP, possibly; )

☐ Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (Green Ash, Red Ash; Oleaceae) 
(large tree; hairy stems; small greenish flowers; )
(WDCA; Bear Island, some large trees; GFVA, SFS 2008;  TRP, 090411, a large male specimen, possibly F. pennsylvanica; )

☐ Fraxinus pennsylvanica 'Patmore' (Patmore Ash)
(WHG, planted by George Bush (first), 1989)

Onagraceae (Evening -primroses)

☐ Oenothera (WDCA, 6 native species; 2 exotic spp.)

☐ Oenothera biennis (Common Evening-primrose, Onagraceae) 
(forb; )

Orchidaceae (Orchids)
(WDCA, 45 native spp., 1 exotic sp.)

☐ Spiranthes cernua (Linnaeus) Richard (Nodding Lady’s-tresses Orchid, Orchidaceae) 
(perennial forb; small, white, fragrant flowers; AEA, 168) 
(BBM, DS)

Orobanchaceae (Broomrapes; plant parasites)

☐ Conopholis americana (L.f.) Wallr. (Bear-corn, Squaw-root, Cancer-root; Orobanchaceae) 
(perennial forb; often forms groups of inflorescences from the same root system; achlorophyllous and nonphotosynthesizing parasite usually of Fagus and Quercus; small, simple, ovate scales (no true leaves); cream–yellow, zygomorphic flowers; capsules; blooming flowers often have exerted stamens and styles; possibly no floral scent; spreads by seeds; visited by bumble bees in the FEF, WV.  Bears consume inflorescences.) 
(Eastern Canada and the US; GAP;  TRP, WDCA)

☐ Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton (Beechdrops; Orobanchaceae) 
(an annual forb; a parasite of Fagus grandifolia; no chlorophyll; no leaves; zygomorphous, white flowers with pink longitudinal stripes; basal, fertile, pistilate, cleistogamous flowers; usually sterile, chasmogamous distal flowers. Native Amerians used this plant to treat cold sores, diarrhea, dysentery, mouth sores.)  
(WDCA, common; late summer, fl.; )

☐ Orobanche (US, 18 spp., Broomrapes [after an European Orbanche sp. that is parasitic on (Cytisus sp., broom)])

☐ Orobanche ludoviciana Nuttall (Prairie Broomrape) 
(WDCA, not present)

☐ Orobanche uniflora L. (Ghost-pipes, Naked Broomrape, One-Flowered Broomrape, other scientific names)
(perennial forb;  holoparasite (no chlorophyll) of some Helianthus, Saxifraga,  Sedum, Solidago, and possibly other spp.; has invading feeder roots (haustoria); often only 1 inflorescence per plant; zygomorphic, light blue-pink through purple (US Midwest) through white; self-fertile; capsules; tiny seeds blow in wind; might required a fungus that starts an association between a new plant and its host; often in high-quality natural areas; visited by Bombus pensylvanicus that consume its nectar (Charles Robertson, 1929)) 
(Canada; US, all states but HI; TRP, May, fl.; WDCA)

Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrels)

☐ Oxalis (WDCA, 4 native spp., 1 exotic sp.)

☐ ☹ Oxalis corniculata L. (Creeping Wood-sorrel)
(Native to Europe)
(WDCA, common in some gardens)

☐ Oxalis stricta L. (Oxalis europea and other scientific names; Common Wood-sorrel, Upright Wood-sorrel, European Yellow Wood-sorrel, Oxalidaceae) 
(annual; AEA, 181) 
(WDCA, mesic and xeric forms; Bear Island, May, fl., possibly O. stricta; )

☐ Oxalis violacea L. (Violet Woodsorrel)
(pink-purple flowers; perennial forb; Oxalidaceae) (Bear Island, April, leaves; May, fl.; WDCA)

Papaveraceae (Poppies and kin)

☐ Sanguinaria canadense Linnaeus (Bloodroot, Red-puccoon, and many more nonscientific names; Papaveraceae)
(perennial forb; large white flowers; rhizomes have reddish sap; reproduction through new rhizomes and seeds; )  
(Florida Caves St. Pk., 740215, fb; Bethesda, MD, 070325, first flower opens; GFVA, SFS 2008; TRP, 080405, fb;  090411, nib; 100405, fb)

Parasitic plants

There are about 8 spp of parasitic plants in the WDCA.  They are in the genera Cuscuta, Conophilis, Epifagus, and Orobanche.  

Phytolacceae (Pokeweeds)

☐ Phytolacca americana L. (Pokeweed, Phytolaccaceae) 
(perennial forb; AEA, 172) 
(WDCA, common;  COCNHP, GAP, GU,WDCA) 

Platanaceae (Planetrees)

☐ Platanus occidentalis L. (American Sycamore, Eastern Sycamore, Sycamore; Platanaceae) s
(large tree with the widest trunk of all tres in the WDCA;  flaking bark of brownish, grayish, and whitish patches; leaves food of Sycamore Lace Bugs; AEA, 116) 
(Bear Island, April–May, fl.; GAP, GU, NB, TRP)

☐ ☹ Platanus xacerifolia (Aiton) Willd. (London Plane Tree; Platanaceae) 
(large tree; flaking bark of brownish, grayish, and whitish patches; large sharply lobed, palmately viened leaves; tiny greenish flowers in a pendant, spheroidal inflorescence; a hybrid of uncertain parentage; possibly Platanus occidentalis x P. orientalis)  
(WDCA, widely planted; GU, 10 trees in the Leavey Esplanade, a roof garden)

Poaceae (Grasses)

☐ Andropogon gerardii Vitman (Big Bluestem; Bluejoint; Turkeyfoot; Poaceae) 
(perennial grass; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ Andropogon virginicus L. (Broom-sedge)
(perennial grass; ) 
(Bear Island, 110402, brown, dead stems, ID by Paul Peterson; )

☐ ☹ Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (Sweet Vernal Grass) 
(WDCA; Bear Island, April, flowers; )

☐ Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees (Lace Grass, Poaceae) 
(annual grass; small greenish flowers in large, lacy-looking inflorescences) 
(WDCA)

☐ Leersia virginica Willdenow (White Grass, Poaceae) 
(perennial grass; small greenish flowers; can be mistaken for the highly-invasive Microstegium vimineum; SC, 98) 
(TRP) 

☐ ☹ Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Eulalia; Chinese Silver Grass; Poaceae) 
(perennial grass; small greenish flowers) 
(Native to Asia; WDCA, invasive)

☐ ☹  Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus (Coverall Grass, Japanese Stilt Grass, Nepalese Browntop Grass; Poaceae) 
(annual grass; small greenish flowers) 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant; TRP) 
					
☐ Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel. (Nimblewill, Poaceae) 
(perennial grass; small greenish flowers)

☐ Panicum boscii xxxx (Poaceae)
(xxxx; bearded nodes; from Dan Nicolson’s list) 
(Bear Island)

☐ Poa (WDCA, 12 spp. including 5 alien spp.)

☐ Poa annua L. (Annual Blue Grass, Spear Grass)
(annual grass; ) 
(native to Europe; Bear Island, March, flowers; WDCA, naturalized)

☐ Poa cuspidata Nuttall (Early Blue Grass, Short-leaved Blue Grass) 
(Bear Island; WDCA, flowers in April)

☐ Poa nemoralis L. (Forest Blue Grass, Woods Blue Grass) 
(WDCA)

☐ Poa pratensis L. (June Grass, Kentucky Blue Grass, Spear Grass) 
(WDCA, naturalized, often cultivated; )

☐ Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash (Andropogon scoparius, Little Bluestem; Little False Bluestem)
(perennial grass) 
(WDCA)

☐ ☹ Zea mays L.  (Corn, Indian Corn, Maize; Poaceae) 
(a major, annual, crop grass; small greenish female flowers; yellowish male flowers)  

Poleomoniaceae (Phlox and kin

☐ Phlox (WDCA, 7 native spp., 1 exotic sp.)

☐ Phlox divaricata L. (Woodland Phlox, Blue Phlox; Polemoniaceae) 
(perennial forb; many color varieties of blue-violet through white; several cvs. including ‘Cool Blue’) 
(TRP, April–May, fl.; several color forms; WDCA)

☐ Phlox subulata (Moss Phlox, Mosspink)
(perennial forb; light blue-violet through pink through white flowers; several cvs.; ) (Bear Island, March, fl., lives in rocky areas, on cliffs; WDCA, in gardens)

Polygonaceae (Knotweeds)

☐ Polygonum (WDCA, 19 native spp., 9 exotic spp.)

☐ ☹ Polygonum cespitosum Blume Longisetum (De Bryn) Stewart (Asiatic Waterpepper, Bristled Knotweed; Polygonaceae) 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant)

☐ ☹ Polygonum cuspidatum Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini (Japanese Buckwheat, Japanese Knotweed; Polygonaceae) 
(perennial forb; AEA, 121) 
(GU; NB; WDCA, a major invasive plant) 

☐ Polygonum arifolium L. (Halberdleaf Tearthumb, Polygonaceae) 
(RBFY?)

☐ ☹ Polygonum perfoliatum L. (Mile-a-minute; Polygonaceae) 
(annual vine; native to Asia; GAP; GU; WDCA, a major invasive plant) 

☐ Polygonum sagittatum L. (Arrowleaf Tearthumb, Polygonaceae) c
(RBFY?)

☐ Polygonum virginianum Linnaeus (Tovara virginiana (Linnaeus) Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Jumpseed, Virginia Knotweed; Polygonaceae) 
(perennial forb; simple leaves, variagated when young; small white flowers) (Bear Island, April, leaves; WDCA, common)

Portulacaceae (Portulacas, Spring-beauties, and kin)

☐ Claytonia virginica L. (Spring-beauty; Virginia Spring-beauty; Portulacaceae) 

Claytonia virginica L., Spring-beauty n.  A perennial, dicot, cormous forb native to North America and characterized by having small pink through white flowers with magenta and ultraviolet nectar guides.
Comments:  Flowers occur from January (2006) –  May, in the WDCA.   Flowers are heliotropic (meaning that they track the Sun’s direction).  This plant’s nectar and pollen are foods of Andrena erigeniae, the Western Honey Bee, other bees, and flower flies.  The mining bee  Andrena erigeniae is a main pollinator of this plant in GAP.  A yellow rust fungus consumes this plant.  
(WDCA, common in some woods and adjacent areas; BI, GAP, GFVA (SFS 2008), TRP (1000s, 090404, fb; 090411, 100s, fb).  

Pyrolaceae (Pyrola Family)

☐ Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bartram (Pipsissewa)
(subshrub; evergreen, mottled, leaves; white flowers; )
(WDCA)

Ranunculaceae (Buttercups, Clematis, and kin)

☐ Anemone quinquefolia L. (Wood Anemone)
(perennial forb; palmately compound leaves; white flowers) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; WDCA)

☐ Aquilegia canadensis L. (Canadian Columbine,Eastern Columbine; Wild Columbine)
(perennial forb; compound leaves; red-orange and yellow flowers; pollinated by the Ruby-throated Hummingbird) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.)

☐ ☹ Clematis terniflora L. (Clematis paniculata and other scientific names; Asian Clematis, Japanese Clematis, Sweet Autumn Clematis, Yam-leaved Clematis; Ranunculaceae) (perennial vine;  small white, very fragrant flowers) 
(COCNHP; WDCA, a major invasive plant)

☐ Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl. (Hepatica, Round-lobed Liverwort)
(perennial forb; blue-violet through pink through white flowers) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ Ranunculus (WDCA, 12 native spp., 7 exotic spp.)

☐ Ranunculus abortivus L. (Aborted Buttercup, Kidney-leaved Buttercup, Kidney-leaved Crowfoot, Small-flowered Crowfoot; Ranunculaceae) 
(perennial forb; subentire, basal leaves; small yellow flowers) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; Bethesda; TRP)

☐ Ranunculus bulbosus L. (Bulbous Buttercup, Bulbous Crowfoot)
(perennial forb; )
(native to Europe; WDCA, naturalized)
☐ Ranunculus hispidus Michaux (Swamp Buttercup; Ranunculaceae) 
(perennial forb; basal and cauline leaves similar; small yellow flowers) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; TRP, this species?, April, fl.)

☐ Ranunculus ficaria L. (Lesser-celandine; Ranunculaceae) 
(perennial forb; large yellow flowers) 
(WDCA, a major invasive plant; Bear Island, 110402, flowers; Bethesda, leaves up in January; COCNHP;)

☐ Thalictrum (WDCA, 5 native spp.)

☐ Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & B. Boivin (Anemonella thalictroides; Rue-anemone)
(sperennial forb; compound leaves; white flowers) 
(WDCA; Bear Island, April, fl.; TRP)

Rosaceae

☐ Amelanchier (Serviceberries; WDCA, 6 native spp., 1 native hybrid)

☐ Amelanchier arborea (F. Michaux) Fernald (Common Serviceberry, Downy Serviceberry, Shadbush)
(tree; tomentose leaf undersides; lax inflorescences; white flowers; )  
(Bear Island, 110402, fl.; )

☐ Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. (Eastern Serviceberry, Shadbush)
(shrub; tomentose leaves; ascending inflorescences; white flowers; ) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ Amelanchier laevis Wiegand (Juneberry, Smooth Serviceberry)
(tree, glabrous (or nearly glabrous) leaf undersides; white flowers; ) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; Betheda; WDCA)

☐ Crataegus (Hawthorns) (WDCA, 16 spp including 2 alien spp.) 
(Bear Island, 110402, 1 5-ft-tall plant, fb)

☐ ☹ Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke (False-strawberry, Indian-strawberry)
(perennial forb; three leaflets per leaf; 3-toothed bractlets; yellow flowers; red aggregate fruits resemble small strawberries) 
(Native of Asia; WDCA, a common plant; Bear Island, April, fl.;)

☐ Malus (WDCA, 8 kinds, including 5 alien spp., 1 hybrid, and 2 native spp.  
(WDCA, many crab-apple cvs.; WHG, many trees, 110409, bb, fb; )

☐ ☹ Malus xpumila P. Mill. (Malus sylvestris, Pyrus malus, Apple, Domestic Apple; Rosaceae) 
(tree; simple leaves; white flowers with pink tones; AEA, 115.  Shetler and Orli, 2000, say that the name Malus xpumila is misapplied.) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; DS, WDCA)

☐ Potentilla canadensis L. (Common Cinquefoil, Five-finger, Running Cinquefoil)
(perennial forb; palmately compound leaves with 5 leaflets; entire bractlets; yellow flowers; ) 
(Bear Island; April, fl.; )

☐ Prunus (WDCA, 20 kinds, including 6 alien spp.)
	
☐ ☹ Prunus armenica L. (Apricot)
(tree; ) 
(Native to Asia; WDCA, in gardens)

☐ Prunus americana Marshall (Wild Plum)
(small tree; ) 
(WDCA)	

☐ Prunus avium (L.) L. (Sweet Cherry)
(tree; simple, toothed leaves; subumbellate inflorescence; white flowers; ) 
(WDCA, sometimes escapes; Bear Island, April fl., tree fell in about 2005)
				
☐ Prunus melanocarpa (Michaux) Willdenow (Black Chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa, Rosaeae)
(small tree; ) 
(BBM, DS, FZS)

☐ Prunus serotina Ehrhart, 1788 (Black Cherry, Wild Black Cherry, Wild Cherry; Rosaceae) 
(large tree; ) 
(Native to North America; WDCA)

☐ ☹ Prunus serrulata ‘Kwanzan’ (Kwanzan Cherry, Rosaceae) (a small, deciduous, dicot tree; double pink flowers) 
(native to Asia, widely planted elsewhere; GU, on the south side of Reiss Science Center)

☐ ☹ Prunus subhirtella Miquel (Higan Cherry, Rosebud Cherry, Spring Cherry, Rosaceae) (small, deciduous, dicot tree; nonweeping branches; ) 
(Native to Japan, unknown in the wild.)

☐ ☹ Prunus subhirtella ‘Pendula’(Weeping Higan Cherry; Rosaceae) 
(small, deciduous, dicot tree; weeping branches; small white flowers) 
(Native to Japan; GU, Copley Square and Healy Square, 110404, fb)

☐ ☹ Prunus xincamp ‘Okame’ (Okame Cherry, Okame Plum) 
(small, deciduous, dicot tree; simple, dentate leaves; small pink flowers) 
(Native to Asia; GU, several trees in the parking lot by Darnell Hall, flowers in February–April; )

☐ ☹ Prunus xyedoensis Matsum. (Yoshino Cherry, possibly Prunus speciosa x  P. subhirtella) 
(small, deciduous, dicot tree, fragrant, light pink flowers, manageably-sized; many cvs.) 
(native to Asia; GU, 4 trees by the emergency room, 110404, fb; WDCA, around the Tidal Basin, important in the Cherry Blossum Festival and other events)

☐ Rosa (Roses; WDCA, 4 native species; 8 exotic spp.)

☐ ☹ Rosa multiflora Carl Pehr Thunberg (Baby Rose; Multiflora Rose, Rambler Rose;  Rosaceae) 
(shrub; AEA, 129.  U.S. governments once promoted planting this species for wildlife.) 
(native to Eastern Asia, including China, Japan and Korea;  COCNHP; WDCA, a major invasive plant; COCNHP; GAP, )

☐ Rubus (Briars, shrubs and subshrubs; WDCA, 9 native spp., 5 exotic spp.; April–May, fl.)

☐ Rubus allegheniensis Porter (Common Blackberry, Highbush Blackberry; Rosaceae) 
(small white flowers; AEA, 130) 
(WDCA; FEF)

☐ Rubus idaeus L. (Red Raspberry; Rosaceae) 
(small white flowers) 

☐ Rubus hispidus L. (Goundberry; Rosaceae) 
(small white flowers; SC, 510) (DS)

☐ Rubus occidentalis L. (Wild Black Raspberry, Rosaceae) 
(small white flowers)
(WDCA)

☐ Rubus odoratus L. (Purple-flowering Raspberry, Thimbleberry, Chapeaux Rouges (in Quebec); Rosaceae) 
(AEA, 130)

☐ ☹ Rubus phoenicolasius Carl Johann Maximowicz (Wineberry, Rosaceae) 
(small white flowers; reddish stems with thin spines; white flowers; tasty fruit) 
(native to Northern China, Japan, and Korea; WDCA, aggressive invasive)

☐ Sanguisorba canadensis L. (Canadian Burnet, Rosaceae) 
(perennial forb; small white flowers; AEA, 175) 
(WDCA; FZS; a rare Maryland plant)

☐ Sorbus americana Marshall (American Mountain-ash, Rosaceae) 
(tree, small white flowers; AEA, 115) 
(CVRSP, DS, FEF)

Rubiaceae (Bedstraws, Madders, and kin)

☐ Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (Butttonbush; small tree; small white flowers in spheroidal inflorescences) 
(DMWP)

☐ Galium aparine L. (Catchweed, Cleavers, Clivers, Coachweed, Goosegrass, Robin-run-the-hedge Stickyweed, Stickywilly; Rubiaceae) 
(perennial forb; small white flowers; herbaceous annual species) (native to Eurasia and North America)	

☐ Houstonia caerulea L. (Bluets)
(forb; small, simple leaves; small blue-violet flowers with yellow centers; ) 
(Bear Island, April, fl.; COCNHP; )

☐ Mitchella repens L. (Partridge-berry)
(trailing, perennial forb; small white flowers; red fruits) 
(Bear Island, May, fl.; COCNHP; )

Rutaceae (Citrus, Rue, and kin)

☐ ☹ Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. (Hardy-orange, Rutaceae) 
(small white flowers; spheroid herperidia; sour citrus flavor)

☐ Ptelea trifoliata L. (Hop-tree)
(small tree; alternate, trifoliate leaves; larvae of Giant Swallowtails consume leaves; ) 
(Bear Island, May, fl.; )

Salicaceae (Poplars, Willows)

☐ Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall (Cottonwood, Eastern Cottonwood, Salicaceae) 
(small greenish flowers; seeds associated with white filaments; AEA, 118) (Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ Populus tremuloides Michaux (Trembling Aspen, Golden Aspen, Quaking Aspen; Salicaceae) 
(small greenish flowers; AEA, 118) 
(Bethesda)

☐ Salix (WDCA, 8 native spp., 8 exotic spp.)

☐ ☹ Salix gracilistyla var. melanostachys (Black Pussy Willow, Salicaceae) 
(shrub; ) 
(Bethesda, in gardens)

☐ ☹ Salix caprea (Goat Willow (a kind of pussy willow), Salicaceae)

☐ Salix caroliniana (Carolina Willow, Salicaceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers)

☐ Salix nigra Marshall (Black Willow, Salicaceae) 
(tree; simple, dentate leaves; small greenish flowers; yellow pollen) (Bear Island, April, fl.)

Santalaceae (Sandlewood Family)

☐ Comandra umbellata (L.) Nuttall (Bastard Toadflax)
(perennial forb; hemiparasite; simple leaves, small white flowers; ) 
(Bear Island, April–May, fl.)

Sarraceniaceae (Pitcherplants)

☐ Sarracenia purpurea L. (Northern Pitcher-plant. Sarraceniaceae) 
(perennial forb; carnivorous)
(WDCA in Maryland)
Saxifragaceae (Saxifrages)

☐ Heuchera (WDCA, 2 spp.; many cvs.) 
s(Bear Island, 110402, leaves, rock cliffs)

☐ Heuchera americana L. (Common Alumroot, Rock-geranium)
(perennial forb; simple, lobed leaves; small greenish flowers; ) (Bear Island, April, leaves; May, fl.; )

☐ Mitella diphylla L. (Bishop’s-cap, Miterwort)
(perennial forb; ) 
(TRP; WDCA)

☐ Saxifraga virginiensis Michaux (Early Saxifrage; Saxifragaceae) 

(perennial forb; small white flowers in March–April) 
(Bear Island, 110402, flowers; )

Scrophulariacease (Figworts, Snapdragons, and kin)

☐ Chelone glabra L. (Turtlehead, White Turtlehead; Scrophulariaceae) 
(perennial forb; AEA, 177) 
(FEF, FZS, SBFY, WDCA)

☐ ☹ Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Bunny-mouths, Butter-and-eggs, Common Toadflax, Toadflax, Yellow Toadflax, etc.; Scrophulariaceae) 
(a plant hemiparasite; large yellow flowers of the snapdragon type; AEA, 178) 
(native to Europe and Northern Asia; a garden plant gone wild in Canada and U.S.; FZS)

☐ ☹ Paulownia tomentosa (Thunberg) Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud. (Empress-tree; Foxglove-tree; Imperial-tree, Kiri (Japanese), Pao Tong (Chinese), Princess-tree)
(tree, large, simple leaves; large, fragrant, blue-violet flowers; on the gold Japanese 50-yen coin; ) 
(Native to Central and Western China; a sacred tree in Japan; WDCA, an important invasive species; Bear Island, May, fl.; GU; )

(Wikipedia says:  In China, an old custom is to plant a P. tomentosa when a baby girl is born. The fast-growing tree matures when she does. When she is eligible for marriage the tree is cut down and carved into wooden articles for her dowry. Carving the wood of P. tomentosa is an art form in Japan and China. In legend, it is said that the Phoenix will only land on the P. tomentosa and only when a good ruler is in power. Several Asian string instruments are made from P. tomentosa, including the Japanese koto and Korean gayageum zithers.
    People commonly used the small, soft, lightweight seeds as a packing material by Chinese porcelain exporters in the 19th century, before the development of polystyrene packaging. Packing cases would often leak or burst open in transit and scatter the seeds along rail tracks. This, together with seeds released by specimens deliberately planted for ornament, has allowed the species to become an invasive weed tree in areas where the climate is suitable for its growth, notably Japan and the eastern United States.
    Paulownia tomentosa can survive wildfire because its roots can regenerate new, very fast-growing stems.  It is tolerant of pollution and grows in many soil types and is a pionee plant.  Its nitrogen-rich leaves provide good fodder and its roots prevent soil erosion.  Eventually, P. tomentosa is succeeded by taller trees that shade it. It cannot thrive in the shade of other trees.)

☐ ☹ Verbascum (WDCA, 5 exotic spp.)

☐ ☹ Verbascum thapsus Linnaeus (Aaron’s-rod; Adams-rod; Common Mullein, Feltwort, Great Mullein, Hig-candlewick, Shephard’s-club; scores of nonscientific names)
(annual forb, bfff; long-lived seeds in seed banks; much nectar and pollen used by some pollinators; AEA, 178) (native to Asia, Europe, Northern Africa; invasive in North America, etc.; Bear Island, 110402, rosettes;  FEF, FZS; NB, PCSBF, WDCA) 

☐ Veronica (WDCA, 5 native spp., 10 exotic spp.)

☐ ☹ Veronica hederifolia L. (Ivy-leafed Speedwell, Ivy Speedwell; Scrophulariaceae) 
(winter annual;)
(native to Europe; Bear Island, March–April, fl.; TRP, WDCA, a major invasive plant)

Simaroubaceae (Quassia and kin)

☐ ☹ Ailanthuss altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Copal-tree, Tree-of-heaven; Simaroubaceae) 
(large tree; dioecious, large inflorescences of small greenish flowers; male flowers smell like used cat litter; winged fruit;  AEA, 113) 
(WDCA, an important invasive sp.; Bear Island, May, fl.; GU, PCSBF, TRP.  In April 2010, we found a large fallen A. altissima at TRP, and we discussed its identity.) 

Smiliaceae (Greenbiers)

☐ Smilax rotundifolia L. (Bullbrier, Common Catbrier, Common Greenbier, Horsebrier, Roundleaf Greenbrier; Smilacaceae) 
(woody vine; small greenish flowers; AEA, 156) 
(GAP, WDCA)

Solanaceae (Nightshades and kin)

☐ ☹ Datura stramonium L., 1753 (Jimsonweed, Devil’s-weed, Mad-seed; etc.; Solanaceae) 
(annual forb; )

☐ ☹ Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato, Solanaceae) 
(annual forb; )

☐ ☹ Nicotiana tabacum L. (Tobacco, Solanaceae) 
(annual forb; ) 
			
Staphyleaceae (Bladdernuts, Stafftrees, and kin; WDCA, 1 sp.)

☐ Staphylea trifolia L. (Bladdernut; Staphyleaceae) 
(small tree; trifoliate, opposite leaves; small, light yellow flowers) 
(Bear Island, April–May, fl.; COCNHP; TRP)

Sterculiaceae (Cocao and kin)

☐ ☹ Firmiana simplex W. F. Wright (F. platanifolia, Sterculia platanifolia, and many other scientific names; Chinese Parasol-tree, Wutong (Chinese) Sterculiaceae) 
(tree, up to 40 ft tall; large, alternate, deciduous leaves up to 12 in across; small greenish-white flowers; a nectar source from many bee and other pollinator spp.; wood has superior sonic properties and is used for the sound boards of Chinese instruments including the Guqin and Guzleng)
(Native to Asia; WDCA, in gardens)

Thymelaeaceae (Mezereum Family)

☐ Dirca palustris L. (Leatherwood)
(shrub; simple leaves; small yellow flowers; ) 
(WDCA, a rare shrub; Bear Island, 110402, fb; )
				
Tiliaceae (Balsawood, Basswoods, and kin)

☐ Tilia americana L. (Tilia heterophylla and other scientific names;  Basswood, American Basswood, American Linden; Tiliaceae) 
(tree; small greenish flowers) 
(WDCA; Bear Island, May, fl.; GAP; TRP)

☐ ☹ Tilia cordata Mill. (Littleleaf Linden, Small-leaved Linden)
(Native to Europe and Western Asia; GU, WHG, planted by Bill Clinton, 1993; by George and Laura Bush, 2003; by Barack Obama in 2009.  )

☐ ☹ Tilia xeuchlora K. Koch (Caucasian-lime, Crimean Linden, Silver Linden) 
(Possibly native to Europe; escaped in Ontario; GU; WHG, Laura Bush planted on in 2008; )

☐ ☹ Tilia tomentosa petiolaris (Weeping Silver Linden)
(WHG)

Trilliaceae (Trilliums)

☐ Trillium (WDCA, 7 native spp.)

☐ Trillium sessile Linnaeus (Toadshade, Sessile Trillium, Toad Trillium; Trilliaceae)
(perennial forb; reddish or yellowish flowers; Trilliaceae) 
(Bear Island; )

Tropaeolaceae (Nasturtium Family)

☐ Tropaeolum majus L. (Nasturtium)
(garden plant) (WDCA, waif; )

Ulmaceae (Elms, Hackberries, Zelkovas)

☐ Celtis (WDCA, 3 native spp.)

☐ Celtis occidentalis L. (American Hackberry, Ulmaceae) 
(tree; simple, dentate leaves; small greenish flowers) 
(Bear Island, April–May, fl.: )

☐ Celtis tenuifolia Nuttall (Dwarf Hackberry, Celis pumila, a missapplied name)
(small tree; ) 
(WDCA)

☐ Ulmus (WDCA, 6 spp. including 4 alien spp.)

☐ Ulmus americana L. (American Elm; Ulmaceae) 
(Large, deciduous, dicot tree; simple, alternate, dentate leaves; small greenish flowers; small green samaras; most large ones killed by the Dutch Elm Disease in the 1960s–1980s in the U.S.) 
(native to Canada and the U.S.; Bear Island, March, fl.; WDCA, February–March, fl., many cvs. are in the U.S. National Mall; WHG, John Q. Adams planted one in 1826, Barbara Bush replaced it in 1991; )

☐ Ulmus americana ‘Augustine’ (Augustine American Elm, Ulmaceae) 
(GU, by the Leavey Bridge)

☐ Ulmus rubra Muhl. (Red Elm, Slippery Elm; Ulmaceae) 
(tree; simple, dentate, sandpapery leaves; small greenish flowers) (Bear Island, April, fl.; )

Urticaceae (Nettles and kin)

☐ Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. (Wood-nettle, Urticaceae) 
(perennial forb; stinging leaves and stems; small greenish flowers)

☐ Urtica dioica Linnaeus (Stinging Nettle; Urticaceae) 
(perennial forb; stinging leaves and stems; small greenish flowers; native and European strains; AEA, 166) 
(TRP)

Valerianaceae (Valerians)

☐ Valeriana pauciflora Michaux, Few-flowered Valerian  n.  An perennial forb (Valerianaceae) native to Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia (United States Department of Agriculture 2010) and characterized by having slender shoots up to 1 m tall, opposite leaves and white through light pink, tubular flowers up through 1.8 cm long (Fernald 1950, 1344).  
syn.  Large-flowered Valerian, Long-tubed Valerian, Valerian
Comments:  Plants are clonal and freely surculose (stolon producing).  Stolons are elongate and are leaf-tipped.  Basal leaves are simple and cordate-ovate or compound with three leaflets.  Cauline leaves are compound, and each has a broadly ovate through rhombic terminal leaflet and 1–3 pairs of narrower lateral leaflets.  This species is a G4 plant in the U.S., an S2 plant in Virginia (Townsend 2009), and an S1 plant in Maryland (Maryland Natural Heritage Program 2010).  In Maryland, V.  pauciflora is locally abundant in Cecil County along the Susquehanna River (Brown and Brown, 1984), and occurs in the Potomac River flood plain in Montgomery County.  Nectar of this species is food of the Zebra Swallowtail.
(WDCA, uncommon; COCNHP; TRP; )

Verbenaceae (Verbenas and kin)

☐ ☹ Lantana camara L.  (Lantana, Verbenaceae) 
(shrub; ) 
(GU, WDCA, in gardens and yards, many cvs.) 
		
☐ ☹ Verbena bonariensis L. (Brazilian Vervain and  Brazilian Verbena (erroneous nonscientific names), Clustertop Vervain; Pretty Verbena; Purpletop Vervain, Upright Verbena, South American Vervain; Verbenaceae) 
(Perennial forb; small light blue-violet flowers in indeterminate inflorescences in my garden; nectar a food of many bee and butterfly spp.; leaves and stems are food of a powdery-mildew (fugus) sp.; )
(Native to Columbia through Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; WDCA, common in gardens and sometimes re-seeds in gardens; invasive in Louisiana (pers. obs.); 

Violaceae (Violets)

☐ Hybanthus concolor (T. F. Forst.) Spreng. (Green-violet)
(perennial forb; simple leaves; small greenish flowers; forb; ) 
(Www; Bear Island, April, fl.; )

☐ Viola (WDCA, 20 native spp., 4 exotic spp.; most are perennial forbs.  )

☐ ☹ Viola arvensis Murray (European Field Pansy, European Wild Pansy)
(Bear Island, April, fl.)

☐ Viola bicolor Pursh (many scientific names; Field Pansy; Stemmed White Violet)
(perennial forb; simple, dentate leaves; light blue-violet flowers; ) 

☐ Viola pubescens Aiton (includes V. pensylvanica Michaux, Smooth Yellow Violet, Stemmed Yellow Violet; Violaceae)
(perennial forb; simple, dentate, glabrous through pubescent leaves; yellow petals with violet nectar guides.  Plants vary greatly in their hairiness.)  
(WDCA; BI, 110402, flowers;  GFVA., SFS 2008; TRP, 1000s, 090411, flowers; )

☐ Viola sororia Willdenow (Blue Violet, Common Blue Violet, Marsh Violet, Meadow Violet; Violaceae) 
(blue-violet flowers.  The Confederate Violet (of this species) has white flowers with blue-violet markings; AEA, 180)  
(WDCA,weedy in some gardens; Bear Island, April, fl.; COCNHP; GU;)

☐ Viola striata Aiton (Stemmed Creamy Violet; Violaceae) 
(perennial forb; simple, dentate leaves; small white flowers with violet nectar guides) 
(WDCA; Bear Island, April, fl.;  )

Vitaceae (Grapes and kin)

☐ ☹ Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Carl Johann Maximowicz) Trautvetter,  Porcelainberry, Vitaceae) 
(woody vine; small greenish flowers) 
(WDCA, highly invasive; )

☐ Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Carolus Linnaeus) Jules Émile Planchon, American Ivy, Virginia-creeper, Woodbine; Vitaceae) 
(woody vine; small greenish flowers; AEA, 154) 
(Native to North America)

☐ Vitis (Wild Grapes; Vitaceae) (WDCA, 7 native spp.; woody vines.)

☐ Vitis (wild grape, Vitaceae) 
(small greenish flowers; AEA, 154.  Note: “wild grape” is not capitalized because it is no particular species for our exam.) 
(COCNHP, GAP, PCSBF, NB, SBFY, WDCA) 	
__________________________

Bryophyta (Liverworts and Mosses)
__________________________

☐ Ptilium crista-castrensis (Ostrich-plume Moss, Hypnaceae)

☐ Climacium dendroides (Tree Moss, Climaciaceae)

☐ Sphagnum (Sphagnum Mosses, Sphagnaceae) 
(AEA, 86) 
(BBM, DS)

☐ Leucobryum glaucum (White Cushion Moss, Leucobryaceae)

☐ Funaria hygrometrica Hedwig 1801 (Cord Moss, Funariaceae) 
(between bricks, sidewalk units, etc.)
__________________________

Coniferophyta (Conifers)
__________________________

Cupressaceae (Junipers and kin)

☐ Juniperus virginiana Linnaeus (Cèdre Rouge (Quebec), Eastern Juniper, Juniper, Pencil Cedar, Eastern Redcedar, Redcedar, Red Juniper, Savin, Virginia Redcedar; Cupressaceae) 
(tree; leaves, food of Evergreen Bagworm Moths; AEA, 96) 
(GU, H66, PCSBF, WDCA)

☐ ☹ XCupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jackson and Dallimore) Dallimore and A. B. Jackson (Leyland Cypress, Cupressaceae) 
(a cross of two genera; tree; leaves, food of Evergreen Bagworm Moths; ) 
(WDCA, in gardens and yards)

Pinaceae (Pines and kin)

☐  ☹ Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’ (Blue Atlas Cedar) 
(large, evergreen gymnopserm tree with bluish-green leaves (needles)  
(Native to the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco; GU, 2, Medical Center Garden; 2, White-Gravenor Hall, 1 tree harmed by the heavy snow of January 2010; WHG, planted by Jimmy Carter, 1973; )

☐ Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch, American Larch, Black Larch, Épinette (Quebec), Hacmatack, Tamarack; Pinaceae) 
(tree; AEA, 97) 
(FZS, WDCA, in a few gardens)

☐  ☹ Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. (European Spruce, Norway Spruce; Pinaceae) 
(tree; AEA, 97) 
(NB, SCUS, WDCA; WHG; )

☐  ☹ Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (White Spruce, Pinaceae) 
(tree; ) 
(WDCA)

☐  ☹ Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (Black Spruce, Pinaceae) (tree; AEA, 98) (native to northern North America)		

☐  ☹ Picea rubra (Du Roi) Link (Picea australis Small, Picea rubens Sargent; Eastern Spruce, Épinette Rouge (in Quebec), He-balsam (in the southern part of its range), Red Spruce, Yellow Spruce, Yew-pine (in WV); Pinaceae) (tree; AEA, 97) 
(DS)

☐ Pinus pungens Lamb. (Table Mountain Pine, Pinaceae) 
(tree; AEA, 98) 
(PCSBF)

☐ ☹? Pinus strobus L. (Eastern White Pine, Pin Blanc (Quebec); Pinaceae) 
(tree; AEA, 99) 
(WDCA, possibly not native)

☐ Pinus  virginiana Mill. (Jersey Pine, Poverty Pine, Scrub Pine, Spruce Pine, Virginia Pine; Pinaceae) (tree; AEA, 99) 
(Bear Island, dwarfed trees; PCSBF, WDCA)

☐ Tsuga canadensis (Carolus Linnaeus) Élie Abel Carrière, Canada Hemlock, Eastern Hemlock, Hemlock, Hemlock Spruce, Pruche du Canada (in Quebec), Spruce-pine (in WV); Pinaceae) 
(tree; ) 
(BBM, FEF, NB, WDCA)

Taxodiaceae (Bald-cypresses and kin)

☐  ☹ Metasequoia glyptostroboides Miki ex Hu and Cheng, 1948 (Dawn Redwood, Chinese Redwood, Shui Sa (= Water-fir, Chinese name, Taxodiaceae)
(tree; ) 
(GU, NB, WDCA)
__________________________

Ginkgophyta (Ginkgos)
__________________________

☐ Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgo,  Ginkgo Bilobé (Quebec), Maidenhair-tree; Ginkoaceae; the only living member of Ginkgoaceae and Ginkgophyta)
(A large gymnopserm tree; fan-like leaves; no flowers since this is not an angiosperm; seeds with “stinky,” fleshy outer  tissue, not a fruit since this is not an angiosperm; air-pollution and disease resistant; ) 
(Native to Asia; WDCA, a somewhat common street tree; GU, Medical Center, several trees; 110404, small leaves; )
__________________________
			
Lycophyta (Clubmosses)
__________________________

☐ Lycopodium (WDCA, 11 native spp.)

☐ Lycopodium clavatum Linnaeus (Common Clubmoss, Running-pine; Lycopodiaceae) 
(treelike branching)  
(WDCA; BBM)

☐ Lycopodium digitatum Dill ex A. Braun (Lycopodium flabelliforme Blanchard, Groundpine, Ground-cedar, Southern Southern Running-pine; Lycopodiaceae) 
(WDCA; BBM)

☐ Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux (Huperzia (Lycopodium) lucidula (new name), Shining Clubmoss, Shining Firmoss; Lycopodiaceae) 
(AEA, 87) 
(WDCA; BBM)

☐ Lycopodium obscurum var. dendroideum (Linnaeus) (Flat-branch Tree bbbb, Flat-branch Ground-pine, Princess-pine, Tree Clubmoss Lycopodiaceae) 
(treelike branching) 
(WDCA; BBM)
__________________________
Pterophyta (Ferns)

☐ Adiantum pedatum L. (Northern Maidenhair Fern; Adiantaceae) 
(WDCA; TRP; )

☐ Asplenium (Spleenworts; Asplenidaceae; WDCA, 7 native species, 1 native hybrid) 

☐ Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell (Cystopteris fragilis var. protrusa Weath. Lowland Brittle Fern, Fragile Fern, Southern Bladder Fern; Woodsiaceae) 
(WDCA; BI; cccc; TRP, common, 090411, many new leaves are expanded; )	

☐ Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray (Crested Shield Fern, Crested Wood Fern, Narrow Swamp Fern; Dryopteridaceae) 
(WDCA; BBM)

☐ Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. (Ostrich Fern; M. pensylvanica Raymond; Woodsiaceae) 

(WDCA; TRP, a large patch by the Western Cliffs)

☐ Osmunda cinnamomea Linnaeus (Cinnamon Fern, Osmundaceae) 
(AEA, 91) 
(WDCA; BBM)

☐ Osmunda claytoniana L. (Interrupted Fern)
(WDCA)

☐ Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray (Royal Fern)
(WDCA)

☐ Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott (Christmas Fern; Dryopteridaceae) 
(evergreen fronds) 
(WDCA; BBM, GAP, TRP)

☐ Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn (Bracken Fern; Dennstaedtiacae) 
(AEA, 89) 
(BBM)

☐  Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. (New York Fern; Thelyteridaceaes)
(fronds tapered at both ends, large patches; AEA, 90) 
(WDCA; BBM)
__________________________

Protista, Domain (Protistans, sensu lato).  I list only some of hundreds of protistan species likely to be in TRP. 
__________________________
☐ Fuligo septica (Linnaeus) F. H. Wiggers (Burnt-cookie Slime; Dog-vomit-slime Mold, Scrambled-egg Slime; Protista or Fungi: Physaraceae) 
(WDCA, often on decaying mulch; GU)

☐ Giardia intestinalis (G. duodenalis, G. lamblia (Lambl, 1859) Kofoid & Christiansen, 1915); Heximitidae) (causes Beaver Fever in Humans)
__________________________

Selected References
_________________________

Alden, P., B. Cassie, J. D. W. Kahl, E. A. Oches, H. Zirlin, and W. B. Zomlefer.  2007.   National Audubon Society Field Guide to the Mid-Atlantic States.  Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.  448 pp.   (Beautifully illustrated, overview of nature in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic States)

Alsop, Fred J., III.  2001.  Smithsonian Handbooks.  Birds of North America.  DK Publishing, Inc.  751 pp.  

Barrows, E. M. 2011. Animal Behavior Desk Reference. A Dictionary of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution.  Third Edition. CRC Press LCC, Boca Raton, FL. 794  pp. (discusses organism names, etc.)

Brown, J. W. 2001. Species turnover in the leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of Plummers Island, Maryland: Assessing a century of inventory data. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 103: 673–685.
 
Brown, J. W. 2008. The invertebrate fauna of Plummers Island, Maryland: Introduction and Background. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 15:1–10. 

Brown, John W., Marc E. Epstein, Kimberly Vann, Reed A. Watkins, Stephen M. Bahr II, Erin Kolski. (2008) An Overview of the Lepidoptera (Insecta) of Plummers Island, Maryland. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 15:1, 65–74.

Clark, A. H. 1932. The butterflies of the District of Columbia and vicinity. Bulletin of U.S. National Museum 157: 1–336.

Evans, Arthur V.  2008.  The 2006 Potomac Gorge bioblitz.  Banisteria. Number 32: 1–80.  

Johnston, D. W.  2000.  The Dyke Marsh Preserve Ecosystem.  Virginia Journal of Science 51: 223–272.

Killip, E P. and S. F. Blake.  1935.  Natural History of Plummers Island.  II.  Flowering Plants and Ferns.  Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 48: 118–134.
[has Equisetum, etc.  720 spp and 9 varieties, of which 648 were known from the Island and 72 from only the mainland.]

Killip, E P. and S. F. Blake.  1953.  Natural History of Plummers Island.  X.  Flowering Plants and Ferns – Supplement 1.  Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.  66: 31–38.
[adds 128 spp, 5 varieties, 2 forms , of which 123 were found on the Island and 12 on the Mainland only.]
   
Leonard, E. C.   1935.   Natural History of Plummers Island.  III.  Mosses.  Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 48: 135–137. (83 spp.)

Shetler, Stanwyn. G. and Susan K. Wiser.  1987.  First flowering dates for spring-blooming plants in the Washington, D.C., Area for years 1970–1983.  Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 100: 993–1017.  http://botany.si.edu/DCflora/springflowers/spring1.pdf  

Shetler, S. G. and S. S. Orli. 2000. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area. Part I. Ferns, Fern Allies, Gymnosperms, and Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Institution (National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany), Washington, D.C. 186 pp. (This book has a list of plants, a key to abbreviations of authors of plant names, an index, and literature cited.  The author key includes the authors’ full names and birth and death dates of many of them.)

Shetler, S. G. and S. S. Orli. 2002. Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area. Part II. Monocotyledons. Smithsonian Institution (National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany), Washington, D.C. 95 pp.

Shetler, S. G., S. S. Orli, E. F. Wells, and M. Beyersdorfer. 2006. Checklist of the vascular plants of Plummers Island, Maryland. Natural History of Plummers Island, Maryland XXIX. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 14:1–58. 

Steury, B. W., G. P. Fleming, and M. T. Strong.  2008.  An emendation of the vascular flora of Great Falls Park, Fairfax County, Virginia.  Castanea 73: 123–149.   (Brent Steury, Gary Fleming, and Mark Strong).  

Stevenson, John A. and Edna M. Ermold.  1936.  Natural History of Plummers Island, Maryland.  V.  Fungi.     Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.  49: 123–131. 22 August 1936.  

Vann, Kimberly.  2008.  Inventory of the Butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae) of Plummers Island, Maryland.  Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 15(1): 80–87.  (36 species in 5 families)
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Table 3.  Map Key
__________________________

Vegetation Data Legend
Potomac Gorge, Maryland and Virginia
(21 March 2009, list by the National Park Service with some annotations by E. M. Barrows)
_________________________

1.  Mesic Mixed Hardwood Forest (hardwood forest = angiospermous forest)
2.  Eastern Hemlock – Hardwood Forest 
3.  Dry-Mesic Chestnut Oak – Northern Red Oak Forest
4.  Dry-Mesic Acidic Oak – Hickory Forest
5.  Chestnut Oak Forest

6. Basic Mesic Hardwood Forest
7. Rich Cove – Mesic Slope Forest (Twinleaf – Blue Cohosh Type)
8.  Rich Red Oak – Sugar Maple Forest
9.  Bedrock Terrace Oak – Hickory Forest
10.  Rich Boulderfield Forest

11.  Riverside Outcrop Woodland
12.  River Floodplain Complex
13.  River Floodplain Forest
14.  Siver Maple Floodplain Forest
15.  Terrace hardwood Floodplain Forest

16.  Ice-Scour Floodplain Forest
17.  Bedrock Floodplain Oak Forest
18.  Tuliptree Small-stream Floodplain Forest
19.  Maple-Ash Swamp Forest
20.  Pin Oak – Swamp White Oak Forest

21.  Red Maple Seepage Swamp
22.  Upland Depression Willow Oak Swamp Forest
23.  Successional Virginia Pine Forest (a kind of gymnospermous forest)
24.  Successional Boxelder Floodplain Forest
25.  Successional Tuliptree Forest (Circumneutral Type)

26.  Successional Black Walnut Forest
27.  Successional Mixed Deciduous Vine Forest
28.  Depositional Bar and Shore Vegetation
29.  Bedrock Floodplain Woodland
30.  Sycamore – River Birch Scour Woodland

31.  River Scour Woodland
32.  Riverside Rock Outcrop and Prairie Complex
33.  Riverwash Bedrock Prairie
34.  Disturbed Woody Wetland
35.  Disturbed Herbaceous Wetland

36.  Mixed Deciduous Shrubland (Vine Shrubland)
37.  Successional Meadow – Grassland
38.  Open Water
39.  Developed, Open Space
40.  Developed, Low Intensity

41a.  Developed, Medium Intensity 
41b.  Developed, Medium Intensity (George Washington Memorial Parkway) 
41c.  Developed, Medium Intensity (Glen Echo, MD)
42a.  Developed, high intensity (Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center)
42b.  Developed, high intensity (Glen Echo Park, MD)
44.  Claude Moore Colonial Farm (Turkey Run Park)
45.  Langley Fork Park (Athletic Fields, Hiking Trail)s

46.  Langley Oaks Park
47.  Turkey Run Recreation Area.  
_________________________

Table 4.  Our Walking Plan and Selected Biota.  
__________________________

Stop 1.  Orientation.  Successional Tuliptree Forest (Circumneutral Type) (Community 25), parking lot and picnic area.
__________________________

☐ Acer negundo Linnaeus (Ash-leaf Maple; Aceraceae)

☐ Acer saccharum Marshall sensu lato, including Acer nigrum, Sugar Maple; Aceraceae)

☐ Asarum canadense L. (Wild-ginger*, many other nonscientific names; Aristolocaceae).

☐ Cercis canadensis L. (Eastern Redbud, Judas-tree; Fabaceae or Caesalpiniaceae) 

☐ Claytonia virginica L. (Spring-beauty; Virginia Spring-beauty; Portulacaceae) 

☐ Cornus florida L. (Eastern Flowering Dogwood,  Cornaceae)  

☐ Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell (Cystopteris fragilis var. protrusa Weath. Lowland Brittle Fern, Fragile Fern, Southern Bladder Fern; Woodsiaceae) 

☐ Fraxinus americana L. (White Ash; Oleaceae) 

☐ Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (Green Ash, Red Ash; Oleaceae)

☐ Lindera benzoin (L. )* Blume (Spicebush; Lauraceae) 

☐ Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Tuliptree, Yellow Poplar (a poor name), Tulip-poplar (a poor name);  Magnoliaceae) 

☐ Viola pubescens Aiton (includes V. pensylvanica Michaux, Smooth Yellow Violet, Stemmed Yellow Violet; Violaceae)
__________________________

Stop 2.  Dry Mesic Chestnut Oak — Northern Red Oak Forest (Community 3). 
__________________________

☐ ☹ Allium vineale L. (Cow-garlic, Meadow-garlic; Field-garlic, Wild-garlic; Alliaceae) 

☐ Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) Sw. (Dentaria laciniata, Cutleaf Toothwort, Cutleaf-pepperroot; Brassicaceae)

☐ Euonymus alatus (Thunberg) Siebold (Winged Burningbush, Winged Euonomus; Celastraceae)
(shrub). 

☐ Sanguinaria canadense Linnaeus (Bloodroot, Red-puccoon, and many more nonscientific names; Papaveraceae)

☐ Thryothorus ludovicianus (Carolina Wren*; Troglodytidae).  
(State Bird of South Carolina.  0.7 oz.  Call: A loud, bold, clear teakettle, teakettle, teakettle, or cherry, cherry, cherry, cherry.) 

☐ Turdus migratorius (American Robin*; Turdidae).  
(State Bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin.  2.7 oz.  Call: male: bold, gurgling, leisurely sing-song, cheerily cheer-up, cheerio, often with repeated phrases; tut-tut-tut or hip-hip-hip.  Warning call: chirp, chirp, chirp; chuck, chuck, chuck.) 

☐ ☹ Veronica hederifolia L. (Ivy-leafed Speedwell, Ivy Speedwell; Scrophulariaceae) 
__________________________

Stop 3.  An Embarrassment of Riches.  Rich Boulderfield Forest (Community 10).  Base of the Z-Z path.  
__________________________

☐ Allium tricoccum Aiton (Wildleek, Ramp; Alliaceae)

☐ Impatiens pallida Nuttall (Pale Touch-me-not, Yellow Jewelweed, Yellow Touch-me-not; Balsaminaceae)
☐ Mertensia virginica (L.) Persoon (Bluebells, Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip; Boraginaceae) __________________________

Stop 4.   Go West People!  Take the Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail west along the Potomac River.   Community 10, slope east of Turkey Run.  Rocky Slope before the Run.  
__________________________

☐ Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux (Blue Cohosh, Papoose-root; flowers for a few days; Berberidaceae)

☐ Erythronium albidum Nuttall (White Trout-lily, White Fawn-lily, White Dog’s-tooth-violet; Liliaceae) 

☐ Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. (Yellow Trout-lily, Trout-lily, Yellow Adder’s-tongue, Yellow Dog’s-tooth-violet; Liliaceae) 

☐ Hydrophyllum canadense L.  (Broad-leaved Waterleaf, Maple-leaved Waterleaf; Hydrophyllaceae) 

☐ Panax trifolius L. (Dwarf Ginseng, Araliaceae) 

☐ Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott (Christmas Fern; Dryopteridaceae) 
								
☐ Saxifraga virginiensis Michaux (Early Saxifrage; Saxifragaceae) 

☐ Sedum ternatum Michx. (Three-branched Stonecrop, Three-leaved Stonecrop; Wild Stonecrop; Crassulaceae)
__________________________

Stop 5.  Moss Madness (Community 10).
__________________________

There are possibly as many as 40 moss species in TRP.  Who knows?

☐ Trillium sessile Linnaeus (Toadshade, Sessile Trillium, Toad Trillium; Trilliaceae)
__________________________

Stop 6.  Repeated Richness.  Rich Cove – Mesic Slope Forest (Twinleaf – Blue Cohosh Type) (Community 7)
__________________________

☐ Erigenia bulbosa (Michaux) Nuttall. (Harbinger-of-spring; Apiaceae) 

☐ Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux (Blue Cohosh, Papoose-root; flowers for a few days; Berberidaceae)

☐ Fraxinus sp. (ash), huge tree. 
__________________________

Stop 7.  Slopes Revisited (Community 10).
__________________________

☐ ☹ Ornithogalum umbellatum L. (Star-of-Bethlehem, Sleepydick; Liliaceae) 
__________________________

Stop 8.   Community 7, small stream.
__________________________

Towns-style Malaise trap (In about 2007–2009, the Smithsonian Institution ran Malaise traps in Turkey Run Park.)

Walk across a seep.  

☐ Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (False-mermaid; Limnanthaceae)
 
Walk across a stream.  
__________________________

Stop 9.   Thrilling Trillum Treat (Community 7).
__________________________

☐ Trillium sessile Linnaeus (Toadshade, Sessile Trillium, Toad Trillium; Trilliaceae). A group of about 25 flowers in 2009.  

Vernal pond.  
__________________________

Stop 10.  Pink Perfection (Rich Floodplain Forest) (Community 13).
__________________________

☐ ☹ Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Garlic-mustard; Brassicaceae) 

☐ Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Shott (Jack-in-the-pulpit, Jill-in-the-pulpit, Jack-Jill-in-the-pulpit; Araceae) 

☐ Claytonia virginica L. (Spring-beauty; Virginia Spring-beauty; Portulacaceae) 

☐ Hydrophyllum canadense L.  (Broad-leaved Waterleaf, Maple-leaved Waterleaf; Hydrophyllaceae) 

☐ Mertensia virginica (L.) Persoon (Bluebells, Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip; Boraginaceae) 

☐ Podophylum peltatum L. (American Mandrake, Devil’s-apple, Duck’s-foot, Hog-apple, Indian-apple, Mayapple,  Raccoonberry, Umbrella-plant, Wild-lemon; Berberidaceae) 
__________________________

Stop 11.  Colonists near Long Island  (Silver Maple Floodplain Forest, many rock chairs, a lunch or snack ssite) (Community 14)
__________________________

View of Plummers Island, “the most studied island in the world” (home of the Washington Biologists’ Field Club); garbage; vernal ponds; water-swept shore; sandbar.  

☐ Acer saccharinum Linnaeus, Plaine Blanche (Quebec), Silver Maple, River Maple, White Maple; Aceraceae)

☐ Achillea millefolium L. (Common Yarrow, Milfoil, Yarrow; Asteraceae) 

☐ Allium canadense L. (Meadow-garlic, Wild-onion, Wild-garlic; Alliaceae)

☐ Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck*; Anatidae).  
(Calls: female: loud quack-quack-quack, quack, quack-quack, descending in scale; male: double note and low, reedy kwek-kwek-kwek.) 

☐ Ardea herodias (Great Blue Heron*; Ardeidae).   
(Calls: low croaks and squawks mostly at nesting sites.)

☐ ☹ Artemisa annua L. (Annual Wormwood; Asteraceae) 

☐ Branta canadensis (Canada Goose*; Anatidae).   
(Calls: high, rapid crackle in some groups; honk-a-honk in other groups.)

☐ Erythronium americanum (Yellow Troutlily; Liliaceae)

☐ ☹ Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. (Ditchlily, Fulvous Daylily, Orange Daylily, Tigerlily (poor name); Tiger Lily (poor name); Hemerocallidaceae) 

☐ Phalacrocorax auritus (Double-crested Cormorant*; Phalagrocoracidae).  
(Call: deep gutteral grunt.)

☐ Polygonum virginianum Linnaeus (Tovara virginiana (Linnaeus) Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Jumpseed, Virginia Knotweed; Polygonaceae) 

☐ Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus, 1758)(Mourning Dove*; Columbidae).  
(Weight, 4.3 oz.  Call: male: “melancholy” ooah-woo-woo-woo throughout a breeding season.)
__________________________

On your own, hike west across Dead Run to the American Legion Bridge — wonderful cliffs, even some “caves.” 

Large split stream.

Dead Run, large rocks, sign (Park 1.1 mi, American Legion Bridge 0.6 mi)

(In April 2009, a male jogger told me that the Trail goes about ½ mile past the American Legion Bridge into a neighborhood and then stops without going to Great Falls Park.)

☐ Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux (Blue Cohosh, Papoose-root; flowers for a few days; Berberidaceae)

☐  Castor canadensis (American Beaver*; Castoridae).  

☐ Platanus occidentalis L. (American Sycamore, Eastern Sycamore, Sycamore; Platanaceae) Huge tree.  

Tall cliffs, caves.  

☐ Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. (Ostrich Fern; M. pensylvanica Raymond; Woodsiaceae) __________________________